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Metaphors – how to understand them

September 9, 2009 by Roy Johnson

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Metaphors – definition

metaphors Metaphors are figures of speech in which one thing is compared to another — either directly or by implication.


Examples

redbtn Common metaphors in speech:

  • Those people are the salt of the earth.
  • She worked her fingers to the bone.
  • It was a real pea soup morning.
  • They were inundated with orders.

redbtn Well known literary metaphors:

  • Now is the winter of our discontent
  • Life’s but a walking shadow
  • I am the way, the truth and the life
  • The girl with kaleidoscope eyes

Use

redbtn A metaphor often demands that the listener or reader make a powerful leap of the imagination.

redbtn Some metaphors are commonly recognised whilst others are uniquely and even spontaneously created.

redbtn Imaginative writing such as poetry, prose, and drama often create their special effects by use of metaphor.

redbtn Metaphors are often used in advertising and in political speeches.

redbtn One important feature of metaphor is that a significant and comprehensive image may be created by a few key words.

redbtn A metaphor can be created by the article, noun, verb, adjective or any other part of speech.

redbtn NB! In a metaphor two things are said to be the same, whereas in a simile they are only like each other.

redbtn It’s useful to see the concept of metaphor as part of a scale which runs from the literal to the non-literal use of language.

redbtn A literal statement is one which refers to the actual material world in plain terms. For instance — ‘This table is made of wood’.

redbtn At the other extreme, and in the words of a popular song, we find the statement:

‘The sun is a big yellow duster, polishing the blue, blue sky’

redbtn This makes a much bigger demand on our imagination and on our willingness to step outside the rational, literal world.

redbtn This metaphor can be analysed as follows. The sun is being compared to a duster. This idea is interesting because dusters are often yellow like the sun. Further, just as the sun appears to move in the sky, removing grey clouds, a duster moves to polish a surface and clear it of dust. In the context of a pop song, the idea is witty and entertaining in a lighthearted way.

redbtn Contrast this more serious metaphor:

Now does he feel
His filthy murders sticking on his hands

redbtn This is from Macbeth. The image is extremely vivid as the murderer’s sense of guilt is conveyed to the audience by combining the abstract guilt and the material sticky blood.

redbtn Metaphor is extremely economic communication. Several layers of meaning can be conveyed at the same time.

redbtn Advertisers make effective use of metaphor and other images because they have a restricted amount of space, and this space is very costly. A phrase such as ‘the sunshine breakfast’ is more effective than a statement which might read: ‘Have our cereal for your breakfast and you’ll enjoy it. It will give you energy and nutrition because the corn’s been grown in a sunny climate.’

Self-assessment quiz follows >>>

© Roy Johnson 2003


English Language 3.0 program
Books on language
More on grammar


Filed Under: English Language Tagged With: English language, Figurative language, Figures of speech, Metaphors

Metonymy – how to understand it

September 9, 2009 by Roy Johnson

free pages from our English Language software program

Metonymy – definition

metonymy Metonymy is a figure of speech in which an attribute or a suggestive word is substituted for the name of something.


Examples
Metonym Thing represented
The Stage the acting profession
Shakespeare the plays of Shakespeare
The Crown the monarchy
Whitehall the civil service

Use

redbtn Metonymy is part of everyday speech. It is usually used quite unconsciously.

redbtn It is often used in imaginative writing such as fiction and poetry to clarify and enhance an image.

redbtn NB! If you find it difficult to remember the difference between metonymy and synecdoche — you’re not alone.

redbtn Metonymy can be seen as a specific kind of symbolism by which the most essential component of the subject is abstracted to represent it. This component acts as a single symbol for something larger and usually more complex.

redbtn For instance, a crown is the most essential material component of the trappings of royalty, and so it serves well in representing the whole system of monarchy.

redbtn Similarly, the stage is a material component of acting as a profession. This too serves to represent symbolically something abstract and dynamic.

redbtn The ‘cloth’ symbolises the religious profession, and the ‘bar’ represents the legal profession. Both these items are essential material objects and are used to refer to the abstract concept of a profession.

redbtn In a statement such as ‘Shakespeare depicts monarchs as human’ the name is actually symbolising the total collection of his works. This form of metonymy is useful as a very graphic kind of shorthand.

redbtn This pragmatic explanation could also apply to the example of ‘Whitehall announced today …’, although we could ascribe more political and even ulterior functions to this usage. [Remember, ‘Whitehall’ represent the civil service in the UK.]

redbtn To refer to Whitehall as having issued a statement is to generalise the source of the communication. This may be in the political interest of the Establishment. It is a form of social control to promote an image of a corporate mass of civil servants, rather than suggesting that one person or even a small hierarchical group makes significant and powerful decisions.

redbtn Whitehall as a material location stands for something abstract, in this case an institution. This symbolic use depersonalises the source of the statement, perhaps thereby giving it more authority.

redbtn This political interpretation is merely speculation, but the mechanical analysis of metonymy as a symbolic device stands on firmer ground.

redbtn [Pedants who collect terms enjoy distinguishing metonymy from synechdoche, which is its figurative bedfellow.]

Self-assessment quiz follows >>>

© Roy Johnson 2003


English Language 3.0 program
Books on language
More on grammar


Filed Under: English Language Tagged With: English language, Figurative language, Metonymy

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