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How to download files

September 15, 2009 by Roy Johnson

what to do when you are asked to download a file

Download files

Stage one

1. Click on the item you wish to download.

2. If you choose an .htm file, you will read it immediately in your web browser.

3. You can save the file – or print it.

4. Choose FILE/PRINT or FILE/SAVE AS in your browser menu.

5. If it’s a .zip or an .exe file, your browser will open a dialogue box when you click the file.

6. This gives you the option to save the file into a directory or folder.

7. This can be saved onto your hard disk or a floppy disk.

8. For example you could choose –

C:MANTEXfilename.exe
A:MY-STUFFfilename.zip

9. Files with a .zip extension are compressed.

10. You need to unzip these files before they can be read.

11. See ‘How to zip & unzip files’ for details.

12. Files with an .exe extension are ‘self-extracting’.

13. These activate themselves automatically.

14. See ‘What to do with .exe files’ for instructions.


Stage two – EXTRACTING FILES

1. When you have finished downloading the file…

2. …log off the Web and go to your file manager.

3. Locate the file on your hard disk or floppy disk.

4. If it’s a .zip file you need to unzip it.

5. It’s safer to copy big .zip files onto your hard disk.

6. If it’s an .exe file, double-click on the file.

7. A dialogue box will appear on screen.

8. In the dialogue box, choose EXTRACT.

9. Say “Yes” to ‘Create C:SOMENAME directory?’

10. This will extract all files into a folder called SOMENAME.

11. You can change this name if you wish.


Stage three – VIEWING IN A BROWSER

1. Our software programs can be viewed in a browser.

2. Open your resident Web browser [Netscape or Explorer].

3. Choose FILEOPEN PAGE [or type in the address box].

4. Select C:SOMENAMEfilename.htm

5. The programs are opened with the first file in the list

homepage.htm starts WRITING ESSAYS

aa-start.htm starts ENGLISH LANGUAGE

aa-start.htm starts STUDY SKILLS

6. View the first few sample pages of the program

7. Three sample essays are also included in WRITING ESSAYS:

‘Bibliographic Studies’

‘Classical Civilization’

‘Current Affairs’

8. Exercises are included in ENGLISH LANGUAGE

9. Four whole sections are viewable in STUDY SKILLS

  • Computers
  • Examinations
  • Layout
  • Questions

10. Hyperlinks are shown, but the pages may not be available

11. [Choose a sans-serif font at 12 points in your browser]

NB! USERS ON A NETWORK

1. Your computer may be on a network.

2. This is very common in education and businesses.

3. You might not be able to download to hard disk.

4. In this case, download onto a floppy disk.

5. Remember that floppies only hold up to 1.4 MB.

6. Both .exe and .zip files will expand when extracted.

7. That is, an .exe file of 800K might become 2.5MB of data when it is expanded.

© Roy Johnson 2004


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Filed Under: How-to guides Tagged With: Computer files, Computers, Downloading, Downloading files

How to write a web page

November 23, 2010 by Roy Johnson

creating effective text for on-screen reading

Web PageIn order the communicate effectively on the Internet, you need to know how to write a web page that is successful.

Web pages are available for the whole world to see – but you will no doubt have an audience in mind.

Your audience is the people you hope to be addressing. They might be – fellow hobbyists, opinion makers, customers for products, or fan club members.

So – you have your own target audience, but anybody else can read your pages. There is therefor another audience about which you can know nothing (in advance).

If you want to reach as many people as possible, keep this invisible audience in mind. Write in a clear and simple manner. Avoid jargon and complicated expressions.

Layout

A web page is not the same thing as printed document. It might look similar, but it does different things. Your writing needs to be grammatically correct and free from mistakes. But it will not be read in the same way as a book or even a magazine.

People scan a web page before they read it. They glance at the overall content first. They read headings and sub-headings, glance at pictures, and even look for links.

Reading text on a screen is much harder than reading it on a printed page. This means that your writing needs to be different in style.

Your objectives

The function of a web page will depend upon your objectives. The page could be designed to offer a number of things:

  • news
  • information
  • entertainment
  • instruction
  • advice

This will have an effect on the way you deliver the content. But no matter what the function, there are certain golden rules that will help to make any web page effective.

Style

All your writing should be split up into small chunks. Huge blocks of writing on a screen are very difficult to read. The short paragraph is an important part of writing for the Web. This allows readers to grasp what you have to say more quickly.

Have a look at online newspapers. They use short and even one-sentence paragraphs.

Employ as many devices as possible to break up dense blocks of writing. Use headings, sub-headings, bold, and italics. Add graphics where appropriate and use bulleted lists.

Short sentences are easier to read than long ones. This is true on paper, but even more so when writing for the screen. Put a limit of twenty words per sentence on your writing – and watch its effectiveness improve!

The most effective way to communicate with general readers is to write directly in a simple, friendly manner.

Don’t forget that only a small part of a long web page will appear in the monitor screen at any one time. In such cases it’s important that you offer readers clear signals to find their way around.

Vocabulary

The language you use will be conditioned by your subject and the audience you are trying to reach (as well as the extent of your own vocabulary).

If you have a specialist subject and audience (agricultural biology, jet engine design) you will naturally be using the specialist language of your subject (jargon). But if you wish to reach a wide and general public, it’s better to keep you language plain and simple.

There’s no point in using a term such as aerated beverages when fizzy drinks will be understood just as well.

Conventions

It’s not necessary to know HTML coding to write a web page. Most software will do this for you. But a little knowledge will help you control the appearance of the page.

Use the text editing menus that appear in Microsoft Word and the page creation panels of most blogging software (Blogger, WordPress). These will give you the option to put text in bold, italics, and even colour.

A screen of text with different fonts, colours, and emphasis splattered all over the page looks bad. The golden rule here is this – Less is more. Restraint will help you achieve a more impressive appearance.

  • Headings in bold and a larger font size
  • Sub-headings in bold
  • Italics for emphasis and foreign words
  • No use of underlining at all

Underlining makes text hard to read, and the underlining can be confused with a hyperlink.

Examples

You are looking at an example of a web page right now. This type of page is called a ‘How to’ in the language of Web commerce. That is, it offers simple guidance notes on a single topic. Here are three more very different types of page.

Historical document
The first is from the nineteenth century. None of the above guidance notes apply, because readers want the document in a form that is as similar as possible to the original.

Red button Henry James on ‘The Art of Fiction’

Essay
The second is to a short illustrated essay on an artistic movement. This is the sort of article that might normal occupy a few pages in a magazine or a weekend newspaper supplement. It has graphics, links to related subject, and it also contains advertising.

Red button The Omega Workshops

Newspaper
The third is the online version of a daily newspaper. Notice how this page is made up of very short extracts, with links to the full articles, which are located on separate pages. The front page is packed with links, graphics, and advertising. It is also composed ‘dynamically’ – which means that it is updated every few minutes with new content.

Red button The Guardian

© Roy Johnson 2010


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How to zip and unzip files

September 15, 2009 by Roy Johnson

what to do with compressed files

Zip files

redbtn Some files are compressed to make them smaller.

redbtn This process is also known as ‘zipping’ the files.

redbtn It also makes them quicker to download.

redbtn You can also zip up a number of different files into one – which is called an ‘archive’.

Zip Utilities

1. To deal with zipped files, you need a special program called a ‘utility’.

2. Two of the best known are UltimateZip and WinZip

3. They are often available free on magazine cover disks.

4. Alternatively, you can download from a free software site.

5. Go to tucows for instance. Look for ‘Compression Utilities’.

6. I use UltimateZip, which is free.

Downloading

1. Zipped files will have a .zip filename extension.

2. Click on the item you want to download.

3. Your browser will open a dialogue box.

4. You should then save the file – for example

C:TEMPfilename.zip

5. This puts the file into a folder called TEMP.


Unzipping files

1. Start up your zip utility program.

2. Choose FILEOPEN, and locate your zipped file.

3. In our example it’s C:TEMPfilename.zip

4. Choose EXTRACT FILES from the menu bar.

5. Extract files to C:SOMENAME

6. It all happens very quickly!

7. Then open a program which will read your files.

8. This could be a web browser for .htm files.

9. It could be MS Word for .doc files.

10. Don’t worry if anything goes wrong…just repeat the steps above.

Zipping files

1. First put your file(s) into a folder.

C:DEMO file-01.htm
file-02.htm
file-03.htm

2. This collection is sometimes called an ‘archive’.

3. Start up your zip utility program.

4. Select FILE/NEW – or FILE/New Archive.

5. Create a name for your zipped files.

newfiles.zip

6. Decide where to save your zipped files.

7. You can create a new folder, or use the existing.

C:DEMO

8. Then select and add all the files you wish to place in the zipped archive.

9. Press OK – and newfiles.zip is created.

10. The originals – file-01.htm, file-02.htm, and file-03.htm – are still in their folder C:DEMO

11. But you also have a copy of them, compressed into newfiles.zip

12. Have fun!

© Roy Johnson 2004


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HTML and XHTML

July 11, 2009 by Roy Johnson

the encyclopaedia of HTML coding – and the latest XHTML

The problem with HTML is that just when you thought you had grasped the basics of web page design, something new emerges. Here comes the latest development – XHTML – which stands for ‘extensible hypertext markup language’. Musciano and Kennedy aim to keep you up to date with these latest developments. So – what are they? XHTML is an extension to the HTML code – at 4.01 in its present version. It is in fact a part of the XML code – and XML is itself a subset of the general Standard General Markup Language (SGML). Still confused? The authors have already guessed that, and in HTML and XHTML they do their best to explain.

HTML and XHTMLWhat they do in this excellent manual is cover every element of HTML/XHTML in detail, explaining how each element works and how it interacts with other elements. Many hints about HTML/XHTML style help you write documents ranging from simple online documentation to complex presentations. With hundreds of examples, the book gives you models for writing your own effective web pages and for mastering advanced features like style sheets and frames.

When HTML was originally conceived, no one had any idea it would be so successful or be asked to handle so many kinds of documents, browsers, and media. While it has borne up admirably under the demands of web users, HTML 4.0 has stretched as far as it can to accommodate new technology. While HTML 4.0 is petering out, XHTML 1.0 stands ready to step in, designed to handle almost anything web authors can dream up.

There are in fact three possibilities for XHTML – the ‘strict’ version which is limited but future-proof; the ‘transitional’ version which allows authors to write with current browsers in mind; and a third version which deals with frames. The reassuring news they offer is that “learning HTML is still the way to go for most authors and Web developers” – but they do remind readers that “content is paramount; appearance is secondary”.

They also warn that “writing XHTML documents requires much more discipline and attention to detail than even the most fastidious HTML author ever dreamed necessary.” This sounds a bit frightening – but really, it just means being extra careful with coding. It means that all tags must be opened, then closed. No more leaving out those </P> paragraph tags.

And the beauty of this book is that all the basic HTML coding is covered in the great detail which has been generated over its earlier editions. They deal with forms, frames, tables, and even Java scripts, and all the tutorial material is fully illustrated, with plenty of screenshots and understandable code.

All the really useful appendices are there too – HTML grammar, Cascading Style Sheets, the HTML and XHTML document definitions, character entities, color names and values, and of course a complete list of XHTML tags with browser compatibility notes.

If you want the very best reference manual to HTML and its latest developments – this is it. I guarantee that no matter which other web page design books you might have on your shelves, this is the one to which you will keep coming back – again and again.

© Roy Johnson 2006

Buy the book at Amazon UK

Buy the book at Amazon US


Chuck Musciano & Bill Kennedy, HTML& XHTML: The Definitive Guide 6th edition, Sebastopol (CA): O’Reilly, 2006, pp.654, ISBN: 0596527322


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HTML: The Definitive Guide

July 11, 2009 by Roy Johnson

the encyclopaedia of HTML coding and web design

Most people in the academic and business world are still using HTML Standard 2.0 browsers – partly because of corporate lethargy and partly because upgrading is so costly and disruptive in big organisations. At least these people have had the good fortune to miss out the Standard 3.0 phase, which was something of a dog’s breakfast. Designers however (the people who actually create the Web pages for our consumption) are always keen to make the screen more attractive and escape the confine of earlier standards. In fact they have a doubly difficult job. They might wish to adopt the latest features, but if their sites are to be viewable by people still lumbered with older browsers, they are also under constraint to make their pages ‘backwardly compatible’. This is no easy task.

HTML: The Definitive Guide The first edition of Musciano and Kennedy’s book on HTML was rather boldly entitled The Definitive Guide. However, many of the predictions they made then have been substantiated by subsequent meetings of the W3C committee, which decides on these standards. [It’s recently been rumoured that both Microsoft and Netscape try to pack this committee with their appointees.]

The third edition of their reference manual offers an update which includes the latest additions to Standard 4.0 of the official HTML code. They claim that this is a ‘clearer and cleaner standard’ than any previous, but they also admit that Netscape and Microsoft incorporate features not included in the present standard. Fortunately, they take a realistic view of this browser war and make clear which standards are adopted (or not) by the Big Two. So what’s really new here?

The answer is ‘Quite a lot’. The Forms, Tables, and Frames chapters have all become bigger, and JavaScript and DHTML make an appearance. They also cover Layers, Multiple Columns, and creating white space. The big new item of course is a whole chapter on Cascading Style Sheets – a development which has come about precisely because of the shortcomings in standards 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 – and they recognise in this respect that print publications just can’t keep up with Web developments (which is a brave and honest admission for authors of computer manuals). A section on image formats (.gif and .jpg) is also new – but beware! there are Netscapisms at every turn.

I still find it difficult to remember what is an attribute, a physical style, and why some tags are ‘deprecated’. They even include some which are now obsolete (for historical reasons) which just goes to illustrate their thoroughness. However, you still have to be prepared for a rather abstract manner of expression:

like most other tagged segments of content, user-related events can happen in and around the BLOCK QUOTE tag

But having used the first edition regularly over the last year or two, I can confirm that their manner of writing is amply compensated by the reliability of the advice they offer.

Obviously you should buy this latest edition, but it’s reassuring to know that Musciano and Kennedy continue to offer a guide which stays within the limits of the latest HTML standard, whilst recognising that you will want to go beyond it. In this regard the publisher generously offers an online update.

The usual high quality O’Reilly production values obtain: good quality paper, clear print, consistent layout, and their elegant house font of ITC Garamond. Multiple indexes include HTML grammar, quick tag reference, CSS quick reference, the HTML 4.0 document type definition, character entities, and colour names and values. To a newcomer these might seem like boring technical catalogues – until you see the horror of your Web pages in a browser you don’t normally use. Then you’ll be glad of the reassurance of safe colours and the correct ASCII number for that ampersand or angled bracket.

© Roy Johnson 2006

Buy the book at Amazon UK

Buy the book at Amazon US


Chuck Musciano & Bill Kennedy, HTML: The Definitive Guide (sixth edition) Sebastopol: O’Reilly, 2006, pp.678, ISBN 0596527322


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Information Technology glossary

October 27, 2009 by Roy Johnson

computers, information technology, and the Internet

Access provider
an organisation that provides access to the Internet. Also known as Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Address
The identification of a physical or virtual distinct entity in a network. On the Internet, this network address is called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). For instance: http://www.gsh.org. [It is important to type these accurately.]

Anonymous ftp
A publicly available Internet file site. Users must sign on as anonymous and enter their email address to connect to an anonymous ftp site.

Apache
An open source Web server package, mostly used on Linux and Solaris platforms.

Applet
A self-contained mini-executable program, such as one written in the Java programming language. It connects with or is designed to work with a larger ‘partner’ program.

Application servers
Software used to provide an interface between systems to enable Web services.

Archie
A program that locates files that are freely available on anonymous ftp sites across the Internet. To use Archie, telnet to one of these sites and login as archie. Type help to obtain full instructions.

ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A standard for digital representation of letters, numbers, and control codes; understood by most computers.

ASP
Active Server Pages – a scripting language created by Microsoft for dynamically created web pages and database functions. Web pages created with ASP usually have an .asp suffix.

Attachment
A binary file (such as a document, spreadsheet, or graphic) which is delivered as part of an email message. [NB – some mailing systems will not accept attachments.]

AUP
Acceptable Use Policy. A binding document signed by all users that explains the rules of Internet use at an institution.

Auto responder
An email message that is sent automatically in response to a message to another email address. Also known as Autobot or Infobot.

Backbone
The Central network infrastructure of the Internet is often referred to as the backbone and its allows data to travel from one network to another.

Backup
To make a second copy of a file as a safety measure. The copy may be held on a floppy disk, a zip disk, or on CD-ROM.

Bandwidth
A Term used to describe how much data you can send through a connection to the Net. The transmission capacity of a given medium, in terms of how much data the medium can transmit in a given amount of time. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the rate of data transmission. Information carrying capacity of a communication channel.

Baud rate
The speed at which a modem can deal with information, measured in bits per second, 56Kbps is currently fastest.

Binary
Files which contain eight-bit bytes (as distinct from ASCII files which contain seven-bit bytes). Some systems can only accept ASCII.

BIOS
Basic Input-Output System. This is the small but fundamental program which starts up your computer and allows you to access your software programs.

Bit
An acronym for BInary digiT. It is the basic unit of information in the computer world. A bit is a digit in binary form and carries one of two
values, 0 or 1.

Bitnet
An autonomous network of academic and research sites.

Bookmark
A word or picture ‘marked’ so that you can jump to it by name from
within a list. Also used by browsers to mark frequently visited web sites.

Boot
To switch on a computer. If the machine is re-started whilst running, this is called ‘re-booting’.

Browser
Software that allows users to access and navigate the World Wide Web. Some Web browsers, such as Mosaic and Netscape, are graphical. Lynx is a text-based browser.

BBS
Bulletin Board Service. A forum for users to browse and exchange information. Computer BBSs are accessible by telephone via a personal computer and a modem. Many BBSs are small operations run by a single person that allow only several users to log on at the same time. Some are much larger and allow hundreds of users to login simultaneously to use the system. Huge, commercial examples are America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy.

Byte
A single computer character, generally eight bits. For example, the letter ‘G’ in binary code is 01000111.

Cache
A section of computer memory set aside for storing frequently-used data from a disk drive, speeding up the transfer of information.

Cascading style sheets
An extension to HTML which allows style features (colour, font size, spacing, and page-layering) to be specified for certain elements of a hypertext document. CSSs are especially useful for making a global change to multiple web pages – because the style is specified just once, often in a separate file.

CD-ROM
Compact Disk – Read Only Memory: A record like storage medium that uses digital and optical laser technology to store about 600Mb of text, pictures, and sound on a single disk. With newer versions (CD-ROMXA, CDTV, CD-i) animations and moving pictures can be retrieved from the discs.

CD-R
Compact Disk – Recordable: blank compact disks on which data can be recorded – but once only.

CD-RW
Compact Disc Re-Writable format: these are blank compact disks that can be recorded over and over again, like a floppy disk.

CGI
Common Gateway Interface – an interactive system installed on Web servers to automatically process information entered into Web page forms.

Checkbox
A small square box which, when clicked on, displays a cross or
tick to show that an option has been selected.

Chip sockets
Most of the microchips used in a computer are soldered directly to the circuit boards but some, including the main processor and some memory components, are mounted into sockets. This is so that they can be easily replaced or upgraded.

Clipboard
A section of a computer’s memory where you can temporarily copy chunks of text, data, graphics, or pictures. Once in the clipboard, the item can be pasted into another part of a document, or transferred to any other application. The clipboard normally holds one object at a time.

Command prompt
The C:> sign in DOS at which codes are typed. These commands control the computer. For many people, this system has been replaced by the Graphic User Interface [GUI] of Windows.

Commercial online services
A company that, for a fee, allows computer users to dial in via modem to access its information and services, which can include Internet access. Examples are America Online, CompuServe, Delphi, and Prodigy.

Compression
A technique to reduce the size of a file in order to make it more manageable and quicker to download. Compressed files have to be extracted using a utility such as PKZip or WinZip. Such files usually have a .zip extension.

Control panel
This is where many of Window’s settings can be viewed. Here you will find icons for most functions including printers, modems and sound.

Cookies
Small text files created by an Internet web site and stored on the user’s computer. A cookie contains information that can help speed access on subsequent visits, such as passwords and details of the user’s display facilities.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
A way of assigning visual style to the content of Web pages. The style sheet deals with colour, fonts, and the position of text – leaving HTML code to describe the structure of the content.

DBA
DataBase Administrator – is software which administers databases. It can carry out the maintenance of a database, including the applications and content structure.

Database
A computer holding large amounts of information that can be searched by an Internet user. A storehouse of information on the Net.

Default setting
The computer or software settings made by the manufacturer. These will remain in place unless you decide to change them.

Defragmentation
Over time, the files on a computer’s hard disk drive become disorganised. Running a defragmentation program restores order and speeds up the reading and writing of data.

DHTML
Dynamic HTML – an integration of JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets, and the Document Object Model. With DHTML, the content of a web page can move across the screen or respond to user inputs.

Dialogue box
A box which appears on screen, inviting input from the user. Usually to set options, or choose a name for saving files.

Dialup Internet connection
Lets a user dial into an Internet service provider using a modem and telephone line to access the Internet. The user is presented with a text-based set of menus which are used to navigate the Internet. (See SLIP or PPP connections)

Directory
A list of files or other directories on a computer at an Internet site. (Same thing as a folder.)

Domain
The part of the Internet address that specifies your computer’s location in the world. The address is written as a series of names separated by full stops. The most common top level domains are .edu education (US), .net network resource, .com commercial, .gov public bodies

DOS
Disk Operating System. This is a standard operating system, created by Microsoft before the dawn of Windows. DOS manages how files are stored on your computer. It is controlled through commands typed at the command prompt. Even Windows 95 and Windows 98 are still fundamentally dependent on DOS.

Download/upload
To download is to transfer a file from another computer to the user’s computer. To upload is to send a file to another computer.

DVD
Digital Video Disk: This new medium can store large amounts of data on one disk that looks like a CD, including full length films with high-quality sound and pictures.

E-commerce
Performing business transactions on the Internet – which may include the use of credit cards, ‘shopping trolleys’, forms, and secure servers.

Email
Allows users to send and receive messages to each other over the Internet.

Email address
A code representing a unique email user on the Internet. Examples might include – joe-bloggs@sitename.com, g.allthorpe@yahoo.co.uk

Emoticons
Smileys [ these things 🙂 ] and other character art used to express feelings in email communication.

Encryption
A process that turns files into gobbledegook so that they cannot be read, other than by programs containing the appropriate password-protected encryption software.

Executable files
These are programs or self-extracting files with an .exe filename extension. Clicking on an executable file will start the program running.

Expansion cards
Small circuit boards which are plugged into the main motherboard. They are used for controlling the video output, processing sounds, or communicating with modems and network cards.

Extensions
Files are identified by a three or four letter or number code, called an extension. This comes after the full stop following the filename. Common types include .doc and .txt for word-processor documents. Files ending in .gif and .jpg generally contain images. Files ending in .exe and .com usually contain executable programs which load into memory and carry out a set of instructions.

Extranet
A type of Internet Web site that is a closed community protected by a password and/or firewalls. It is typically provided by businesses for suppliers and key customers.

FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions. Files on the Net which store the answers to common questions. If you are stuck, check the FAQs first, before you ask you own question.

FAT
File Allocation Table. The part of a computer’s disk system that decides how and where disk storage space is allocated.

FTP
File Transfer Protocol. An application program that uses TCP/IP protocol to allow you to move files from a distant computer to a local computer using a network like the Internet.

Filter
Hardware or software designed to restrict access to certain areas on the Internet.

Finger
Software that allows the user to enter the address of an Internet site to find information about that system’s users or a particular user. Some finger addresses return other topic-specific information.

Firewall
A security system, usually for networked computers, which controls access in and out of the network.

Flame
To send a harsh, critical email message to another user, usually someone who has violated the rules of netiquette. May be used as a verb or a noun.

Folder/Directory
Two words for the same thing – a space on your hard disk to store related files or documents.

Frames
A device in HTML which allows multiple windows to be viewed simultaneously in one browser screen. Often used by Web designers to assist navigation.

Free-Net
Any one of more than two dozen freely accessible Internet sites, primarily offering community and educational information.

Freeware
Software programs that are free to use, but the author retains control of the original code.

Gigabyte
A measurement of storage space. Equal to a thousand megabytes.

Gopher
A menu-based system for browsing Internet information.

GUI
Graphical user interface. Software designed to allow the user to execute commands by pointing and clicking on icons or text. It’s pronounced ‘Gooey’.

Hacker
A computer user who illegally visits networked computers to look around or cause harm.

Hard disk
A high capacity storage device that a computer uses for programs and data, measured in megabytes or gigabytes. Information held on a hard disk is safe when the power is withdrawn.

Hits
The number of requests for files made to a Web server. A much misunderstood term. It is not the number of unique visitors. A typical Web page is made up of one HTML file, plus a number of graphics. One request for this page results in several hits.

Home page
The first page a user sees when visiting a World Wide Web site.

Host
An Internet company providing storage space for web sites on their server computer(s).

HTML
Hypertext Markup Language. The programming language of the World Wide Web, HTML software turns a document into a hyperlinked World Wide Web page.

HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol: The protocol used to provide hypertext links between pages. It is the standard way of transferring HTML documents between Web servers and browsers.

HTTPS
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure – is used to secure Web sites by using encrypted traffic to and from the user by means of Secure Socket Layer (SSL).

Hypertext/hyperlink
A highlighted word or graphic in a document that, when clicked upon, takes the user to a related piece of information on the Internet. When the cursor passes over a link, it usually changes from an arrow to a pointing hand.

Icon
A small picture displayed on-screen to identify a command or file. Many word-processors use an icon of a magnifying glass to indicate it will start a search function.

Infobot (or mailbot)
An email address that automatically returns information requested by the user.

Internet
The global network of networks that connects more than three million computers (called hosts). The Internet is the virtual space in which users send and receive email, login to remote computers (telnet), browse databases of information (gopher, World Wide Web, WAIS), and send and receive programs (ftp) contained on these computers.

Internet account
Purchased through an Internet service provider, the account assigns a password and email address to an individual or group.

Intranet
A private internal network based on TCP/IP, usually for the information of staff within a business or an organisation.

IRC
Internet Relay Chat. Interactive, real-time discussions between people using text messages. Users log into designated Net computers and join discussions already in progress.

Internet server
A computer that stores data that can be accessed via the Internet.

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network – a set of communications standards offered by telephone carriers which provides users with fast Internet connections.

ISP
Internet Service Provider. Any organization that provides access to the Internet. Many ISPs also offer technical assistance to schools looking to become Internet information providers by placing their school’s information online. They also help schools get connected to the Net.

Internet site
A computer connected to the Internet containing information that can be accessed using an Internet navigation tool such as ftp, telnet, gopher, or a Web browser.

IP address
Every computer on the Internet has a unique numerical IP address
assigned to it, such as 123.456.78.9.

J2EE
Java 2 Enterprise Edition. Middleware written in Java used in critical, large-scale networked developments, such as electronic banking.

Java
A programming language developed by Sun Microsystems used for cross-platform Web-based applications. Its primary contribution to the Web has been in the form of Java Server Pages (JSP), J2EE  and it is also used in ‘applets’ – mini-programs written in Java that run in browsers.

JavaScript
A scripting language developed by Netscape that adds interactivity to web pages. Its name reflects a shared syntax with the Java programming language.

JPEG
A widely-used graphic file format. Acronym of the Joint Photographic Experts Group. (It’s pronounced ‘Jay-peg’.)

JSP
Java Server Pages – a scripting language based on Java for developing dynamic Web pages and sites. It is typically used on Solaris and Linux platforms.

Junk email
Email messages which are received, but not asked for or even wanted. (Also known as ‘spam’.)

Keyword
A word or words which can be searched for in documents or menus.

Killer application
A software program which is so successful that it corners the market, or inspires people to upgrade their equipment in order to be able to use it.

Knowbot
Software that searches Internet ‘white pages’ and lists of users at large institutions, to find a person’s name and address.

LAN
Local Area Network: A private transmission that interconnects computers within a building or among buildings for the purpose of sharing voice, data, facsimile, and/or video.

Linux
A version of the Unix operating system designed to run on PCs. Controversial because it has been developed as part of the Open Sources movement and given away free of charge. Very popular for Web servers and appliances.

Logon
To sign on to a computer system.

Mailing lists (or Listserv)
There are more than 4,000 topic-oriented, email-based message bases that can be read and posted to. Users subscribe to the lists they want to read and receive messages via email. Mailing lists are operated using listserv software. Thus, many users call mailing lists ‘listservs’. There are two types of lists: moderated and unmoderated. Moderated lists are screened by a human before messages are posted to subscribers. Messages to unmoderated lists are automatically forwarded to subscribers.

Megabyte
A measure of storage space. 1 Mb roughly translates to a million characters of text, or 180,000 words.

Menu
A list of information that leads to documents or other menus.

Middleware
Applications and servers designed to take content from otherwise incompatible back-end data sources (often legacy – that is outdated – systems) and pass it on to Web front-ends.

Mirror
Some FTP sites are so heavily used that in order to relieve the load, their entire contents are copied to and made available by other sites. These are then known as ‘mirror sites’.

Modem
Acronym for MOulate DEModulate. An electronic device that attaches to a computer and links that computer to the online world via a telephone line. Modems are available for any computer, can be internal or external, and come in several speeds, known as the baud rate. The higher the baud rate, the faster the modem. A modem of 56,000 baud is now considered the standard. Most Internet service providers allow you to dial into their systems at rates up to 33,600 baud and beyond.

Motherboard
The main printed circuit board inside a computer, containing the main processing chip, memory chips, plus all the other circuits needed to control the disk drives, the keyboard, and to communicate with plug-in extension cards.

MP3
A popular, highly compressed file format used for music.

MPEG
A family of multimedia standards developed by the Motion Picture Experts Group, commonly used to refer to audio or visual files saved with MPEG compression schemes. Files usually have an .mpg extension (pronounced ‘Em-Peg’).

MySQL
An Open Source development of the SQL language for talking to databases. Most commonly used amongst small business users and run on Linux operating systems.

National Information Infrastructure
The official U.S. government name for the Internet and other computer networks. Commonly known as the Information Superhighway.

Netiquette
The rules of conduct for Internet users. Violating netiquette could result in flaming or removal from a mailing list. Some service providers will even cancel a user’s Internet account, denying him or her access to the Net, if the violation is severe enough.

Netscape
Internet navigation software that allows users to access information through a graphical, point-and-click interface rather than text-only screens or menus. Netscape is known as a Web browser because it accesses World Wide Web information formatted into special home pages using hypertext. Other graphical Web browsers include Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Opera.

Net surfer
Someone who browses the Internet with no definite destination.

Network
A group of computers that are connected in some fashion. Most school networks are known as LANs, or Local Area Networks, because they are networks linking computers in one small area. The Internet could be referred to as a WAN, or a Wide Area Network, because it connects computers in more than one local area.

Newsgroups
These are the bulletin boards of the Internet. There are around 20,000 groups covering every subject under the sun. Most IAPs have a newsgroup server which periodically takes all new messages from a newsgroup feed and adds the messages which have been posted by its own users. To access the newsgroups stored on your IAPs newsgroup server you need a newsreader program.

OCR
Optical Character Recognition. Software that translates a scanned image of printed or typewritten text into a plain text file that can be read by a word processor.

Online/Offline
When you are logged onto a computer through your modem, you are said to be online. When you are using your computer but are not connected to a computer through your modem, you’re said to be working offline.

Operating System
The operating system or OS is a program, or a collection of programs, that manages all your computer’s resources – disk drives, RAM, display screen – and controls how files are stored and retrieved.

Packet
A bundle of data transmitted across a network. It contains the source address (where the packet has come from) the destination address (where it’s going to) a packet identifier (what sort of packet it is) and the data being sent.

PC card
Short for PCMCIA – Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. It is a standard-sized module used in laptops for memory expansion and other peripherals, including modem cards.

PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect. A type of connector on computer motherboards, used for expansion or adapter cards.

PDF
Portable Document Format – a file format developed by Adobe Systems for capturing formatted page layouts for distribution. Requires the proprietary Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is now given away free of charge.

PHP
A scripting language used for developing dynamic Web pages and sites. It is typically used on Solaris and Linux platforms.

Plug-in
An extra bit of software which has to be added to a Web browser before a certain type of file can be viewed. Recent browsers come with the most popular plug-ins pre-installed.

Portal
A Web site that acts as a doorway or introduction to many other Web sites that are sometimes grouped into categories [Yahoo is a famous example].

Posts
Email messages sent to a mailing list or Usenet newsgroup to be read by subscribers or others on the Internet.

Program
Used as a noun – a series of instructions which tell a computer what to do. Used as a verb – the act of writing or revising a program.

Public domain software
Shareware programs that are free to use and modify, as the author has relinquished control over the code.

RAM
Random Access Memory. A computer’s working memory, where programs store information when they are running. The bigger it is, the less time your computer will have to wait to get data from the hard disk drive.

Registry
A large, constantly changing file in Windows 95, containing details of how your computer is set up, and all the programs stored on the hard disk.

RFC
Request for Comments. Online documents that have to do with technical standards for the Internet.

Scandisk
A Windows utility that checks the integrity of data stored on a hard disk drive, identifies problems, and where possible puts them right.

Scanner
A machine that scans a printed image, such as a photograph or a page of text, and turns it into a file that can be displayed and manipulated on a computer.

SCSI
Small Computer System Interface [pronounced ‘Scuzzy’]. A high speed data interface that uses a card, which plugs into an ISA [integrated system architecture] socket on the computer motherboard. SCSI cards that use PCI slots are also available.

Search engine
An online service which can trawl through the contents of the Web (Websites, newsgroups, email addresses) looking for specific phrases or words. The engine asks you for keywords and then provides a list of web sites that contain your chosen words. Clicking on the listed web sites will take you to the relevant web page.

Sectors
Hard disk drives are split into tracks and sectors, which is a way for the computer to identify where particular files or pieces of data are stored.

SGML
Standard Generalised Markup Language – a meta-language that provides a comprehensive set of syntax rules for marking up the structure of documents and data. [HTML is a subset of SGML.]

Shareware
Software programs that you can try before you buy. If you decide to use a program, you should send a payment to the author or publisher.

Signature file
Return address information such as name, telephone number, and email address that users put at the bottom of email messages. Known as a ‘sig’.

SLIP or PPP
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or Point to Point Protocol (PPP) Internet connections. Both allow a computer to connect to the Internet using a modem and telephone line. Users then navigate the Internet using software on their own computer. This is in contrast to using a Dialup Internet Connection, where a user is forced to navigate the Net using a text-based set of menus.

SOAP
Simple Object Access Protocol – which provides a way for applications to communicate with each other using XML.

Spam
Slang for posting the same message to multiple newsgroups – frowned on by most people on the Internet.

SQL
Structured Query Language – a standard language for talking to databases.

SSL
Secure Socket Layer – secures Web sites with encrypted traffic to and from the site user (see HTTPS).

Streaming
A technology for delivering audio or video files so that they can be heard or seen whilst downloading, without having to wait for the complete file.

Style sheet
A template or a file which defines the layout of a document or a series of documents.

Telnet
Allows users remote access to computers, most often at libraries, universities,
and government agencies.The remote computer thinks you are using its own keyboard.

Templates
A ready-prepared document layout. Many word-processors have simple pre-formed letterheads, fax headers, memos, and invoices. To customise them for your own needs, you simply change the sample text.

Text-based Internet account
The user must use Unix commands to navigate the Internet.

Unix
A computer operating system which allows multiple clients to access one host at the same time.

URL
Uniform Resource Locater. This is the (rather clumsy) name for the address of any resource on the Internet. You type the URL into your browser, and are taken to that address.

Usenet newsgroups
More than 17,000 topic-oriented message bases that can be read and posted to. Also called newsgroups.

UUencode
A means of translating binary data so that it can be sent as an ASCII file across the Internet. (You need a decoder to convert it back into its native format at the other end.

Virus
A special type of program which is designed for malicious purposes. It spreads by attaching itself to other programs and then carrying out unwanted and often damaging operations.

Veronica
A computer program that helps users find what they are looking for on gopher servers around the world. Instead of looking through menus, Veronica allows users to enter keywords to locate the gopher site that holds the information they want.

Virtual
A computer-generated environment.

VRML
Virtual Reality Modelling Language. This is a file format which allows you to create 3D graphics for the Internet.

WAIS
Wide Area Information Servers These servers allow users to conduct full-text keyword searches in documents, databases, and libraries connected to the Internet. Pronounced ‘Ways’.

Wizard
A self-activating program that guides you through a simple set-up routine for a particular feature or application.

World Wide Web
A revolutionary browsing system that allows point-and-click navigation of the Internet. The Web is a spiderweb-like interconnection of millions of pieces of information located on computers around the world. Web documents use hypertext, which incorporates text and graphical links to other documents and files on Internet-connected computers.

XML
Extensible Markup Language – a new standard for marking up documents and data. It is based on SGML, but with a reduced feature set that is more appropriate for distribution via the Web. XML allows authors to create customised tags not available in HTML.

XSL
Extensible Style Language – a system for controlling the presentation of XML documents and structured data.

Zipping
The process of compressing a file so it takes up less space. There are two types of Zip files, normal (which require a program to extract them) and self-executing that open up automatically. PKZip and WinZip are popular zipping and unzipping programs.

© Roy Johnson 2009


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Information Technology timeline

October 1, 2009 by Roy Johnson

milestones in IT development

1617. Scottish mathematician John Napier invents logarithms and constructs set of ‘rods’ or ‘bones’ for performing mechanical calculations.

1642. French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal constructs and demonstrates a mechanical adding machine.

1666. German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz writes on the value of binary numbers in De Arte Combinatore.

1694. Leibniz constructs first mechanical device to successfully perform all four arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).

1804. French engineer Joseph Jacquard develops punched card system for programming looms – weaving cloth to match a set of commands. Holes in the cards correspond to binary Open/Closed. This system of in-putting data into machines persists until 1960s

1823. English engineer Charles Babbage invents The Difference Engine – the first mechanical computer.

1834. Babbage designs and starts to build ‘Analytic Engine’ – Augusta Lovelace [Byron’s daughter] writes the first computer program.

1847. English mathematician George Boole publishes ‘Mathematical Analysis of Logic’ and uses the ideas of binary numbering to fuse logic with algebra.

1925. American engineer Vannevar Bush designs and builds the first multipurpose mechanical analogue computer.

1936. English mathematician Alan Turing puts together binary notation and Boolean logic to produce tests for mathematical probability. He proposes ‘Universal Turing Machine’ – a theoretical construct which contains all the logical and mathematical elements of what would be a modern analogue computer.

1940. American electrical engineer Claude Shannon uses Boolean logic to optimise relay-switching circuits in his MA thesis at MIT.

1945. Vannevar Bush publishes ‘As We May Think’ in Atlantic Monthly, outlining what we now call ‘hypertext’. Hungarian mathematician John van Neumann conceives the first stored computer program.

1948. First computer using stored program built at Manchester University. Turing’s proposal for a ‘Turing Computing Engine’.

1962. ‘Spacewar’ – first graphical computer game.

1968. Douglas Englebart demonstrates ‘windows’ and mouse in San Francisco.

1969. Myron Krueger develops first prototypes of virtual reality.

1974. Ted Nelson self-publishes Computer Lib and Dream Machines outlining his ideas on hypertext in paper form. Standard General Markup Language (SGML) first invented as a universal publishing language.

1975. Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft

1978. Philips and Sony introduce the laserdisk (analogue video)

1981. IBM introduces the first PC

1983. Microsoft launches its first version of Windows. Myron Krueger Artificial Reality

1984. Apple-Mac launched – DNS (Domain Naming System) introduced – Number of Internet hosts reaches 1,000

1985. Commodore Amiga launched (powerful graphics facility) – First Amstrad released in UK.

1987. Ted Nelson’s Literary Machines describes Project Xanadu – his scheme for electronic commerce and micro-payments. Hypercard (hypertext program) added to the Apple-Mac. Number of Internet hosts reaches 10,000

1989. Tim Berners-Lee develops Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and the World Wide Web at CERN in Geneva. Howard Rheingold’s Tools for Thought. Number of Internet hosts reaches 100,000

1990. Archie (search tool) released by McGill University. Microsoft launches Windows 3.0

1991. CERN launches the World Wide Web. Howard Rheingold’s Virtual Reality – an early work on the sociology of computer users. Gopher (search tool) released by University of Minnesota.

1992. Veronica (search tool) released by University of Nevada. Number of Internet hosts reaches 1,000,000

1993. Marc Andreessen, NCSA, and University of Illinois develop Mosaic – the first graphical interface to the WWW. A recorded 341,634 per cent growth rate in Web traffic.

1994. First eCommerce (shopping malls and banks) arrive on the Web, and Web traffic second only to FTP-data transfers. Linux 1.0 open source operating system released.

1995. First search engines developed. Sun launches JAVA programming.

1996. Browser wars begin between Netscape and Microsoft. Web censorship in China, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Germany, and New Zealand.

1998. Extensible Markup Language (XML) introduced. Dotcom boom takes off. Estimated size of Web – 320 million pages.

2000. Dotcom crash begins (April). Size of Web estimated at one billion pages.

2003. Google claims a searchable database of 3.6 billion web pages.

2005. Google claims a searchable database of 8.2 billion web pages.

2006. Google claims a searchable database of 25 billion web pages.

2008. Google claims a searchable database of 1.0 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) web pages.

© Roy Johnson 2009


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Internet Annoyances

June 20, 2009 by Roy Johnson

how to fix the most annoying things about going online

Everybody I know has problems with the Internet – and that includes professional writers and web developers. Preston Gralla has problems too: he’s the author of this book of fixes and solutions, and he’s been on line since the mid 1980s. What he offers are tips and reassurance which will help you out of the most common problems. He takes the clever approach of assuming that you are familiar with the basics of computing and goes straight to the problems which bug us all most frequently.

Internet Annoyances How to stop spam; how to get home networks to work; how to kill viruses. And it’s not all negative. There are plenty of tips on downloading free software to help you organise multiple email accounts, index your email, and solve connection problems. I particularly liked his ultra-direct approach. He simply names the annoyance in one paragraph, then goes straight to the fix which will cure it. There’s no excess fat here at all.

There’s plenty on home networking and wireless network annoyances. I’ve never heard of anyone yet who has managed to get set up in this respect without trouble. All his solutions are quick, simple, and clearly explained. If extra software is needed, he nearly always has an option for free downloads.

He has solutions for keeping up fast and efficient connections even when you are sharing networks with bandwidth hogging music downloaders and game-playing kids.

His scope covers all sorts of online and communications technology. How to send email to a mobile phone, for instance; how to do web-based price comparisons using a mobile; and how to get your mobile and laptop to talk to each other.

If you fancy setting up on the web or starting to blog, he gets straight to the issues you will need help with – from simple setup through to uploading pictures from your mobile phone directly onto your blog.

There are lots of really useful and sensible tips – such as how to customise toolbars, how to print just the text from a web page, how to access all the advantages of Firefox (that’s the free alternative to Internet Explorer) and how to customise the cookies your system accepts and rejects.

There are some suggestions I could hardly wait to try out. Free software which will search using all the search engines at the same time – and present the results in related categories. How to find all the hidden goodies in Google – such as searching and reporting back in foreign languages, plus finding news and pictures.

How about this. You can search the web and Amazon at the same time, so that in the results you see books related to the search topic. Neat idea, eh?

There’s also where you can get a free online security check; how to discover the true address of spoofed emails and web sites; plus how to protect yourself in the complex and murky world of online shopping and auctions, and how to find bargains on eBay by using cute tricks such as checking for mis-spelt terms (as in ‘Digital Camaras’)

The internal layout and design of this book is as graceful as all other O’Reilly publications. The jacket cover is awful: just disregard it. I predict this book will do well.

© Roy Johnson 2005

Buy the book at Amazon UK

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Preston Gralla, Internet Annoyances, Sebastopol: CA, O’Reilly, 2005, pp.239, ISBN 0596007353


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Internet Art

June 25, 2009 by Roy Johnson

modern art meets digital technology – the latest results

As bandwidth has increased and rates for subscribing to it have dropped, so we have easier access to sites offering high quality graphics, animations, and even streamed videos. Digital artists can now make their work available to a very wide audience. This survey of contemporary internet art attempts to merge visual art with the digital world. It comes from the cheap-and-cheerful but excellent value ‘World of Art’ series of paperbacks from Thames and Hudson. As somebody who has recently started to experiment with Internet art – albeit in a Blogging sort of way – I bought this book thinking it would give me some new ideas. It did – but it’s a lot more besides.

Internet ArtIt starts off quite usefully with a quick overview of computers and the Internet, then situates the origins of Net art in the experimental art of the 1960s and 1970s. I was surprised Rachel Greene didn’t have examples from these early years. For instance, it’s half way through the book before she even mentions ASCII art.

Instead, she pitches straight into Web-based ‘happenings’ from the 1990s, where web sites are used to co-ordinate and publicise public events – usually of a ‘situationist’ type. The most interesting innovation which I had not seen before is ‘Browser Art’- where browsers are re-programmed using JavaScript and Perl scripts to simultaneously display a mosaic of materials from multiple sources. The other genre which seems promising is software art.

She is very well informed about what is going on in what I suppose still calls itself the avant-gard, so it’s all the more disappointing that her expression of it is clouded by the written style of the art school manifesto:

As site-specific sculpture operates vis-a-vis the particular components and ideologies of a place, so do many works of Internet art derive in significant ways from their location within a networked public field of vision and consumption.

Fortunately, the book is profusely illustrated, which helps you through two hundred pages of that sort of thing.

I was disappointed that she missed the chance to categorise the various genres of art object that are made possible by the Internet – the web site as display gallery, as record of an expedition, as interactive game or challenge, as multimedia experience, and so on – though she does discuss examples of each.

Blogging is covered in one sentence, and Flash animations don’t even get a mention. Even hypertextuality doesn’t get much of a look in, yet lots of space is devoted to silly art-school pranks and radical [for which read pretty useless] ‘experiments’.

Overall, this strikes me as a missed opportunity, because she clearly knows a lot about radical art of the 1990s, but her lack of historical and conceptual depth means she is unable to synthesise it. Instead, she provides a descriptive tour of various fin de siècle activist posturings, happenings, and staged art events about which most sane people will neither know nor care.

So far as I’m aware, the book on Internet Art has still to be written. Correct me if I’m wrong. Yet there’s bound to be something in here somewhere for anyone interested in the relationship between digital technology and art. Despite my reservations, I look forward to browsing some of the more inventive sites she lists in a well documented Webliography.

© Roy Johnson 2004

Internet Art Buy the book at Amazon UK
Internet Art Buy the book at Amazon US


Rachel Greene, Internet Art, London: Thames and Hudson, 2004, pp.224, ISBN 0500203768


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iPhone UK: The Missing Manual

July 15, 2009 by Roy Johnson

the book that should have been in the box

If you buy an iPhone, the one thing you don’t get is a manual telling you how it works. Oh sure – you can download a PDF file from a web site , but as David Pogue, author of this excellent guide observes, “it’s largely free of details, hacks, workarounds, tutorials, humour, and any acknowledgement of the iPhone’s flaws. You can’t mark your place, underline, or read it in the bathroom.” As most people know by now, the iPhone has completely transformed handheld mobile devices. It combines everything you need in portable computing – email, Internet access, photo and audio-visual storage, address-book, MP3 player, GPS device (maps) stock exchange figures, and games. It’s the ultimate all-in-one portable device. I’ve bought two of these shirt-pocket miracles in the last few weeks – and the first thing I wanted after opening the box was a manual.

iPhone UK: The Missing ManualIt’s true, they’re very easy to use, but I still needed help with some of the basics. The main learning curve with the iPhone is the nested menu system – and that’s clearly explained here. Basically, you’ve just got to drill down from one screen to another to find your stuff. But the manual is well illustrated with photos and screenshots, so that you know exactly what you should be looking at.

One feature of the iPhone that has made them best-sellers is the navigation system. It’s all done by touching, tapping, and sliding your finger across the screen. In case you didn’t know, apart from the on/off switch and the volume control, there’s only one button on the iPhone, and you actually don’t need that very much. Everything is done with one finger touching the screen.

iphoneAnd nothing can go drastically wrong, so you don’t need to worry. It’s no wonder that these devices have become popular so quickly. Quite apart from the ultra-cool design, you can download games, extras, and software novelties with no trouble at all. Many of them are completely free or amazingly cheap. For instance, the ‘Brushes’ graphic design program used to produce these stunning pictures costs only £2.99. At this price you can afford to give things a try – and it’s no tragedy if you decide not to bother.

The manual covers all aspects of the phone, and it also gives you a full guide to iTunes – the site from which Apple hopes you will download most of your music files. They currently sell for around £0.79 per track – but companies such as Amazon are currently undercutting them at £0.49 per track in an effort to capture the market.

The iPhone is of course a miracle of mobile phone technology: you can have all sorts of options – from visual voice mail to chat programs and free texting. Of course, out of the box, you are tied in to the O2 network service, but if you feel up to the challenge, you can get round this by ‘jailbreaking’ the phone. That will allow you to change ringtones and wallpaper, as well as choose your own mobile network. Details of how to do it are available here

There are two other things I like about the Missing Manuals. One is that they are not slavishly uncritical. If there’s a shortcoming with the product, they’ll mention it. And two – they’ll show you how to get round the problem. There are call-out boxes packed with hints, tips, and hidden workarounds.

You can also download movies, audio books, games, podcasts, TV programmes. You can even couple up your iPhone to your TV and watch videos on a full size screen. That’s why these slender hand-held computers are now regarded as something of a Killer Ap – because they have the capacity to combine all online services into one user-friendly, affordable device.

But what about all the free programs and software mentioned in the book? They’ve thought of that too. The book has its own web site where the latest versions of shareware and freeware are listed.

© Roy Johnson 2009

iPhone UK   Buy the book at Amazon UK

iPhone UK   Buy the book at Amazon US


David Pogue, iPhone UK: The Missing Manual, O’Reilly UK, 3rd edition, 2009, pp.416, ISBN: 0955750628


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