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D.H.Lawrence web links

December 9, 2010 by Roy Johnson

a selection of web-based archives and resources

This short selection of D.H.Lawrence web links offers quick connections to resources for further study. It’s not comprehensive, and if you have any ideas for additional resources, please use the ‘Comments’ box below to make suggestions.

D.H. Lawrence - portrait

D.H.Lawrence – web links

D.H.Lawrence web links D.H.Lawrence at Mantex
Biographical notes, book reviews, study guides, videos, bibliographies, critical studies, and web links.

Project Gutenberg D.H.Lawrence at Project Gutenberg
A major collection of free eTexts of the novels, stories, travel writing, and poetry – available in a variety of formats.

Wikipedia D.H.Lawrence at Wikipedia
Biographical notes, social background, publishing history, the Lady Chatterley trial, critical reputation, bibliography, archives, and web links.

Film adaptations D.H.Lawrence at the Internet Movie Database
Adaptations of Lawrence’s work for the cinema and television – in various languages. Full details of directors, actors, production, box office, trivia, and even quizzes.

D.H.Lawrence D.H.Lawrence archive at the University of Nottingham
Biography, further reading, textual genetics, frequently asked questions, his local reputation, research centre, bibliographies, and lists of holdings.

Red button D.H.Lawrence and Eastwood
Nottinhamshire local enthusiast web site featuring biography, historical and recent photographs of the Eastwood area and places associated with Lawrence.

D.H.Lawrence The World of D.H.Lawrence
Yet another University of Nottingham web site featuring biography, interactive timeline, maps, virtual tour, photographs, and web links.

Red buttonD.H.Lawrence Heritage
Local authority style web site, with maps, educational centre, and details of lectures, visits, and forthcoming events.


D.H.Lawrence - Cambridge Companion The Cambridge Companion to Lawrence contains fourteen chapters by leading international scholars. These specially-commissioned essays offer diverse and stimulating readings of Lawrence’s major novels, short stories, poetry and plays, and place Lawrence’s writing in a variety of literary, cultural, and political contexts, such as modernism, sexual and ethnic identity, and psychoanalysis. The concluding chapter addresses the vexed history of Lawrence’s critical reception throughout the twentieth century. Features a detailed chronology and a comprehensive guide to further reading.

© Roy Johnson 2010


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Dada: The Revolt of Art

June 14, 2009 by Roy Johnson

Modernism 1915—1925

Dada is one of those movements in modern art which had an amazingly short life but a lasting influence. It flourished for not much more than the decade between 1915 and 1925, yet some of its legacy is still with us. It’s amazing to think that this influential movement sprang up in the middle of the first world war – though there were pre-echoes of it in the work of abstract expressionism and Russian futurism which just preceded it.

DadaTristan Tzara might have thought up the name Dada, but I doubt that anyone reads a word of what he wrote these days. However, the work of visual artists such as Jean Arp and Sophie Taeuber still speaks as something of lasting value, almost 100 years later. Dadaism was certainly what we would now call a multimedia phenomenon. It involved painting and sculpture, poetry, typography, theatre, and performance art. At one point it even included a boxing match between Jack Johnson – first black world champion – and Arthur Cravan, a poet-boxer Dadist who was the nephew of Oscar Wilde.

What came out of it that will be of enduring value? Well, certainly the use of montage in graphic design is still with us, as is production in what we now call ‘mixed media’. The work of Raoul Hausmann, Georg Groz, John Heartfield, and Kurt Schwitters still seems fresh today – though Schwitters was actually refused membership of the ‘official’ Dada group, to which he responded by setting up his own one-man movement, called Merz.

As a ‘movement’ (though it was never coherent) it spread quickly from its birthplace in Zurich to Berlin, Paris, and even New York. But its principal adherents were forever disagreeing with each other or even repudiating their own former beliefs. By the early 1920s Dada was ready to be swept up by the much stronger forces of surrealism.

This monograph is beautifully illustrated and it ends with a collection of the key declarations and manifestos of the period for those who want a taste of what was thought to be radical protest in art at the time. There’s also a very good bibliography. Pocket size in format and price, it’s an excellent introduction to the subject.

© Roy Johnson 2007

Dada Buy the book at Amazon UK

Dada Buy the book at Amazon US


Marc Dachy, Dada: The Revolt of Art, London: Thames and Hudson, 2006, pp.127, ISBN 0500301190


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Filed Under: Art Tagged With: Art, Dada, Decorative arts, Graphic design, Modernism

DH Lawrence biographies and bibliographies

September 18, 2009 by Roy Johnson

arranged in chronological order of publication

DH Lawrence biographies
1. D.H.Lawrence – Bibliographies, Handbooks, Journals

Warren Roberts, A Bibliography of D.H. Lawrence, 1963; revised. [The revised edition of this important Lawrence bibliography includes a section on the criticism].

Graham Holderness, Who’s Who in D.H. Lawrence, 1976.

Keith Sagar, D.H.Lawrence: A Calendar of His Works, 1979.

Keith Sagar, A D.H.Lawrence Handbook, 1982.

James C Cowan, D.H.Lawrence: An Annotated Bibliography of Writings About Him, Vol I (1909-60) 1982; Vol II (1961-75) 1985.

Thomas Jackson Rice, D.H.Lawrence: A Guide to Research, 1983.

The D H Lawrence Review, founded in 1968 by James C Cowan at the University of Delaware, is published three times a year. DHLR includes regular bibliographical updates as well as essays on a wide range of subjects to do with Lawrence, and reviews of recent work. Etudes Laurentiennes, founded in 1985, is published by the University of Paris X [Nanterre].


The Complete Critical Guide to D.H.LawrenceThe Complete Critical Guide to D. H. Lawrence is a good introduction to Lawrence criticism. Includes a potted biography of Lawrence, an outline of the stories, novels, plays, and poetry, and pointers towards the main critical writings – from contemporaries T.S. Eliot and E.M. Forster to critics of the present day. Also includes a thorough bibliography which covers biography, criticism in books and articles, plus pointers towards specialist Lawrence journals.


2. Select Biography

R. West, D.H. Lawrence, London: Martin Secker, 1930.

A. Lawrence, Young Lorenzo: Early Life of D.H.Lawrence, Containing Hitherto Unpublished Letters and Articles and reproductions of Pictures, Florence: G. Orioli, 1931.

A. Lawrence and S.G. Gelder, Young Lorenzo: Early Life of D.H.Lawrence, Containing Hitherto Unpublished Letters and Articles and reproductions of Pictures, London: Martin Secker, 1932.

John Middleton Murry, Son of Woman: The Story of D.H.Lawrence, London: Jonathan Cape, 1931.

M. Dodge Luhan, Loenzo in Taos, New York: Knopf, 1932.

Aldous Huxley (ed), The Letters of D.H. Lawrence, London: Heinemann, 1932.

John Middleton Murry, Reminiscences of D.H. Lawrence, London: Jonathan Cape, 1933.

John Middleton Murry, Between Two Worlds: An Autobiography, London: Jonathan Cape, 1935.

D. Brett, Lawrence and Brett: A Friendship, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1933.

Catherine Carswell, The Savage Pilgrimage: A Narrative of D.H.Lawrence, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932.

Frieda Lawrence, Not I, But the Wind…, New York: Viking Press, 1934.

E.T. [Jessie Chambers], D.H. Lawrence: A Personal Record, London: Cape, 1935.

K. Merrild, A Poet and Two Painters, London: Routledge, 1938.

Frieda Lawrence, The Memoirs and Correspondence [ed Tedlock] 1964.

E. Brewster and A. Brewster, D.H. Lawrence: reminiscences and correspondence, London: Secker, 1934.

Piero Nardi, La Vita di D.H.Lawrence, 1947. [The first full biography of DHL]

Richard Aldington, D.H.Lawrence: Portrait of a Genius, But…, London: Heinemann, 1950.

Harry T. Moore, The Life and Works of D.H. Lawrence, London: Unwin Books, 1951.

E. Nehls (ed), D.H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, 3 vols, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.

Harry T. Moore, A D.H. Lawrence Miscellany, London: Heinemann, 1961.

Harry T. Moore (ed), The Collected Letters of D.H. Lawrence, London: Heinemann, 1962.

Harry T. Moore, The Priest of Love, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1954, revised 1974.

H.D. [Hilda Doolittle], Bid Me To Live, New York: Grove Press, 1960.

E.W. Tedlock Jr (ed), Frieda Lawrence: the Memoirs and Correspondence, London: Heinemann, 1961.

H. Corke, D.H. Lawrence: The Croydon Years, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965.

Harry T. Moore and Warren Roberts, D.H.Lawrence and his World [illustrated] 1966.

Edward Nehls (ed), D.H.Lawrence: A Composite Biography (3 vols, 1957-9).

Emile Delavenay, [trans. K.M. Delavenay] D.H.Lawrence: The Man and His Work. The Formative Years: [1885-1919], London: Heinemann, 1972.

Robert Lucas, Frieda Lawrence: The Story of Frieda von Richtofen and D.H.Lawrence, 1973.

H. Corke, In Our Infancy: An Autobiography Part I: 1882-1912, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Paul Delany, D.H.Lawrence’s Nightmare: The Writer and his Circle in the Years of the Great War, Hassocks: Harvester, 1979.

Keith Sagar, The Life of D.H.Lawrence: An Illustrated Biography, 1980.

G. Neville (ed. C. Baron), A Memoir of D.H. Lawrence: (The Betrayal), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Anthony Burgess, Flame Into Being: The Life and Works of D.H.Lawrence, 1985.

Keith Sagar, D.H.Lawrence: Life Into Art, 1985.

John Worthen, D.H.Lawrence: A Literary Life, 1989.

Jeffrey Meyers, D.H.Lawrence: A Biography, 1990.

John Worthen, D.H.Lawrence: The Early Years: 1885-1912: The Cambridge Biography of D.H. Lawrence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Elaine Feinstein, Lawrence’s Women: The Intimate Life of D.H. Lawrence, London: Harper Collins, 1993.

Peter Preston, A D.H.Lawrence Chronology, 1994.

R. Jackson, Frieda Lawrence, Including ‘Not I, But the Wind’ and other Autobiographical Writings, London: Pandora, 1994.

Brenda Maddox, The Married Man: A Biography of D.H.Lawrence, London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1994.

Janet Byrne, A Genius for Living: A Biography of Frieda Lawrence, London: Bloomsbury, 1995.

M. Kinkead-Weekes, D.H.Lawrence: Triumph to Exile: 1912-1922, The Cambridge Biography of D.H.Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

J.T. Boulton (ed), The Selected Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

D. Ellis, D.H. Lawrence: Dying Game 1922-1930, The Cambridge Biography of D.H.Lawrence 1885-1930, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

© Roy Johnson 2004 with thanks to Damian Grant


D.H.Lawrence – web links

D.H.Lawrence web links D.H.Lawrence at Mantex
Biographical notes, book reviews, study guides, videos, bibliographies, critical studies, and web links.

Project Gutenberg D.H.Lawrence at Project Gutenberg
A major collection of free eTexts of the novels, stories, travel writing, and poetry – available in a variety of formats.

Wikipedia D.H.Lawrence at Wikipedia
Biographical notes, social background, publishing history, the Lady Chatterley trial, critical reputation, bibliography, archives, and web links.

Film adaptations D.H.Lawrence at the Internet Movie Database
Adaptations of Lawrence’s work for the cinema and television – in various languages. Full details of directors, actors, production, box office, trivia, and even quizzes.

D.H.Lawrence D.H.Lawrence archive at the University of Nottingham
Biography, further reading, textual genetics, frequently asked questions, his local reputation, research centre, bibliographies, and lists of holdings.

Red button D.H.Lawrence and Eastwood
Nottinhamshire local enthusiast web site featuring biography, historical and recent photographs of the Eastwood area and places associated with Lawrence.

D.H.Lawrence The World of D.H.Lawrence
Yet another University of Nottingham web site featuring biography, interactive timeline, maps, virtual tour, photographs, and web links.

Red buttonD.H.Lawrence Heritage
Local authority style web site, with maps, educational centre, and details of lectures, visits, and forthcoming events.


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Filed Under: D.H.Lawrence Tagged With: Bibliography, Biography, D.H.Lawrence, Literary studies, Modernism

DH Lawrence critical essays

September 18, 2009 by Roy Johnson

DH Lawrence critical essayscriticism, novels, poetry, stories

These collections of essays and commentary often provide the best evidence of the state of D.H.Lawrence criticism at the time of their publication. The introductions in these works can also provide useful perspectives on Lawrence criticism – especially those in Hoffman/Moore (1953), Spilka (1963), Bloom (1986), and Jackson/Jackson (1988).

Collections of Essays

Frederick J Hoffman and Harry T Moore (eds), The Achievement of D.H.Lawrence, 1953.

Harry T Moore (ed), A D.H.Lawrence Miscellany, 1959.

Modern Fiction Studies 5, (1959) [DHL Number]

Mark Spilka (ed), D.H.Lawrence: A Collection of Critical Essays, 1963.

Ronald Draper (ed), D.H.Lawrence: The Critical Heritage, 1970.

W T Andrews (ed), Critics on D.H.Lawrence, 1971.

Harry Coombes (ed), D.H.Lawrence: A Critical Anthology, 1973.

Leo Hamalian (ed), D.H.Lawrence: A Collection of Criticism, 1973.

Stephen Spender (ed), D.H.Lawrence: Novelist, Poet, Prophet, 1973.

Andor Gomme (ed), D.H.Lawrence: A Critical Study of the Major Novels, 1978.

Anne Smith (ed), Lawrence and Women, 1978.

Robert B Partlow and Harry T Moore (eds), D.H.Lawrence: The Man Who Lived, 1979.

Peter Balbert and Phillip L Marcus (eds), D.H.Lawrence: A Centenary Consideration, 1985.

Jeffrey Meyers (ed), D.H.Lawrence and Tradition, 1985.

Harold Bloom (ed), D.H.Lawrence: Modern Critical Views, 1986.

Christopher Heywood (ed), D.H.Lawrence: New Studies, 1987.

Jeffrey Meyers, (ed) The Legacy of D.H.Lawrence: New Essays, 1987.

Dennis and Fleda Jackson (eds), Critical Essays on D.H.Lawrence, 1988.

Gamini Salgado and G K Das (eds), The Spirit of D.H.Lawrence: Centenary Studies, 1988.

Peter Preston and Peter Hoare (eds), Lawrence in the Modern World, 1989.

Keith Brown (ed), Rethinking Lawrence, 1990.

Michael Squires and Keith Cushman (eds), The Challenge of D.H.Lawrence, 1990.

Aruna Sitesh (ed), D.H.Lawrence: An Anthology of Recent Criticism, 1990.

Peter Widdowson (ed), D.H.Lawrence, [Longman Critical Readers] 1992.


The Complete Critical Guide to D.H.LawrenceThe Complete Critical Guide to D. H. Lawrence is a good introduction to Lawrence criticism. Includes a potted biography of Lawrence, an outline of the stories, novels, plays, and poetry, and pointers towards the main critical writings – from contemporaries T.S. Eliot and E.M. Forster to critics of the present day. Also includes a thorough bibliography which covers biography, criticism in books and articles, plus pointers towards specialist Lawrence journals.


Other genres

Tom Marshall, The Psychic Mariner…The Poems of D.H.Lawrence, 1970.

Sandra M Gilbert, Acts of Attention: The Poems of D.H.Lawrence, 1972.

M J Lockwood, Thinking In Poetry: A Study of the Poems of D.H.Lawrence, 1987. [This book contains a comprehensive bibliography of criticism of Lawrence’s poetry, in books, articles, and reviews]

A Banerjee, D.H.Lawrence’s Poetry: Demon Liberated, 1991.

Sylvia Sklar, The Plays of D.H.Lawrence, 1975.

INDIVIDUAL PROSE WORKS

Sons and Lovers

J.W.Tedlock (ed), Sons and Lovers: Sources and Criticism, 1965.

Julian Moynahan (ed), Sons and Lovers: Viking Critical Edition, 1968.

Gamini Salgado (ed), Sons and Lovers: A Casebook, 1969.

Judith Farr (ed) Twentieth-century Interpretations of Sons and Lovers, 1970.

Brian Finney, D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1990.

Michael Black, D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Rick Rylance (ed), Sons and Lovers: A New Casebook, 1996.

The Rainbow and Women in Love

Colin Clarke (ed), The Rainbow and Women in Love: A Casebook, 1969.

Stephen Miko (ed), Twentieth-century Interpretations of Women in Love, 1969.

Mark Kinkead-Weekes (ed), Twentieth-century Interpretations of The Rainbow, 1971.

P.T.Whelan, Myth and Magic in The Rainbow and Women in Love, 1988.

Duane Edwards, The Rainbow: A Search for New Life, 1990.

Charles L.Ross, Women in Love: A Novel of Mythic Realism, 1992.

[both these books appear in the Twayne Masterwork Series]

Lady Chatterley’s Lover

C.H.Rolfe, The Trial of Lady Chatterley, 1960.

Derek Britton, Lady Chatterley: The Making of the Novel, 1988.

The Short Stories

Kingsley Widmer, The Art of Perversity: D.H.Lawrence’s Shorter Fiction, 1962.

Keith Cushman, D.H.Lawrence at Work: The Emergence of the Prussian Officer Stories, 1978.

J.Temple, The definition of innocence: the short stories of D.H.Lawrence, 1979.

© Roy Johnson 2004 – with thanks to Damian Grant


D.H.Lawrence – web links

D.H.Lawrence web links D.H.Lawrence at Mantex
Biographical notes, book reviews, study guides, videos, bibliographies, critical studies, and web links.

Project Gutenberg D.H.Lawrence at Project Gutenberg
A major collection of free eTexts of the novels, stories, travel writing, and poetry – available in a variety of formats.

Wikipedia D.H.Lawrence at Wikipedia
Biographical notes, social background, publishing history, the Lady Chatterley trial, critical reputation, bibliography, archives, and web links.

Film adaptations D.H.Lawrence at the Internet Movie Database
Adaptations of Lawrence’s work for the cinema and television – in various languages. Full details of directors, actors, production, box office, trivia, and even quizzes.

D.H.Lawrence D.H.Lawrence archive at the University of Nottingham
Biography, further reading, textual genetics, frequently asked questions, his local reputation, research centre, bibliographies, and lists of holdings.

Red button D.H.Lawrence and Eastwood
Nottinhamshire local enthusiast web site featuring biography, historical and recent photographs of the Eastwood area and places associated with Lawrence.

D.H.Lawrence The World of D.H.Lawrence
Yet another University of Nottingham web site featuring biography, interactive timeline, maps, virtual tour, photographs, and web links.

Red buttonD.H.Lawrence Heritage
Local authority style web site, with maps, educational centre, and details of lectures, visits, and forthcoming events.


More on D.H. Lawrence
More on the novella
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Filed Under: D.H.Lawrence Tagged With: D.H.Lawrence, Literary criticism, Literary studies, Modernism

DH Lawrence critical studies

September 18, 2009 by Roy Johnson

in chronological order of publication

D.H.Lawrence critical studies
Books on D.H.Lawrence

Stephen Potter, D.H.Lawrence: A First Study, 1930.

John Middleton Murry, Son of Woman: The Story of D.H.Lawrence, 1931.

Catherine Carswell, The Savage Pilgrimage: A Narrative of D.H.Lawrence, 1932.

Frederick Carter, D.H.Lawrence and the Body Mystical, 1932.

Anais Nin, D.H.Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study, Paris: Edward W. Titus, 1932.

Horace Gregory, Pilgrim of the Apocalypse: A Critical Study of D.H.Lawrence, 1933.

William York Tindall, D.H.Lawrence and Susan His Cow, 1939.

William Tiverton [Martin Jarrett-Kerr], D.H.Lawrence and Human Existence, 1951.


The Complete Critical Guide to D.H.LawrenceThe Complete Critical Guide to D. H. Lawrence is a good introduction to Lawrence criticism. Includes a potted biography of Lawrence, an outline of the stories, novels, plays, and poetry, and pointers towards the main critical writings – from contemporaries T.S. Eliot and E.M. Forster to critics of the present day. Also includes a thorough bibliography which covers biography, criticism in books and articles, plus pointers towards specialist Lawrence journals.


Mary Freeman, D.H.Lawrence A Basic Study of His Ideas, 1955.

F.R.Leavis, D.H.Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto and Windus, 1955.

Mark Spilka, The Love Ethic of D.H.Lawrence, 1955.

Graham Hough, The Dark Sun: A Study of D.H.Lawrence, New York: Capricorn Books, 1956.

Eliseo Vivas, D.H.Lawrence: The Failure and the Triumph of Art, 1960.

Kingsley Widmer, The Art of Perversity: D.H.Lawrence’s Shorter Fiction, 1962.

Eugene Goodheart, The Utopian Vision of D.H.Lawrence, 1963.

Julian Moynahan, The Deed of Life: The Novels and Tales of D.H.Lawrence, 1963.

George Panichas, Adventure in Consciousness: Lawrence’s Religious Quest, 1964.

Helen Corke, D.H. Lawrence: The Croydon Years, Austin (Tex): University of Texas Press, 1965.

George Ford, Double Measure: A Study of D.H.Lawrence, 1965.

H M Daleski, The Forked Flame: A Study of D.H.Lawrence, Evanston (Ill): Northwestern University Press, 1965.

Keith Sagar, The Art of D.H.Lawrence, 1966.

David Cavitch, D.H.Lawrence and the New World, 1969.

Colin Clarke, River of Dissolution: D.H.Lawrence and English Romanticism, 1969.

Baruch Hochman, Another Ego: Self and Society in D.H.Lawrence, 1970.

Keith Aldritt, The Visual Imagination of D.H.Lawrence, 1971.

R E Pritchard, D.H.Lawrence: Body of Darkness, 1971.

John E Stoll, The Novels of D.H.Lawrence: A Search for Integration, 1971.

Frank Kermode, D.H. Lawrence, London: Fontana, 1973.

Scott Sanders, D.H.Lawrence: The World of the Major Novels, 1973.

F.R.Leavis, Thought, Words, and Creativity in Lawrence, 1976.

Marguerite Beede Howe, The Art of the Self in D.H.Lawrence, 1977.

Keith Cushman, D.H. Lawrence at Work: The Emergence of the ‘Prussian Officer’ Stories, Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1978.

Alastair Niven, D.H.Lawrence: The Novels, 1978.

Anne Smith, Lawrence and Women, London: Vision Press, 1978.

R.P. Draper (ed), D.H. Lawrence: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1979.

John Worthen, D.H.Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel, London: Macmillan, 1979.

Aidan Burns, Nature and Culture in D.H.Lawrence, 1980.

L D Clark, The Minoan Distance: Symbolism of Travel in D.H.Lawrence, 1980.

Roger Ebbatson, D.H.Lawrence and the Nature Tradition, 1980.

Alastair Niven, D.H.Lawrence: The Writer and His Work, 1980.

Philip Hobsbaum, A Reader’s Guide to D.H.Lawrence, 1981.

Kim A.Herzinger , D.H.Lawrence in His Time: 1908 – 1915, 1982.

Graham Holderness, D.H.Lawrence: History, Ideology and Fiction, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1982.

Hilary Simpson, D.H.Lawrence and Feminism, London: Croom Helm, 1982.

Gamini Salgado, A Preface to D.H. Lawrence, London: Longman, 1983.

Judith Ruderman, D.H.Lawrence and the Devouring Mother, 1984.

Anthony Burgess, Flame Into Being: The Life and Work of D.H.Lawrence, 1985.

Sheila McLeod, Men and Women in D.H.Lawrence, 1985.

Henry Miller, The World of Lawrence: A Passionate Appreciation [1930] 1985.

Keith Sagar, D.H.Lawrence: Life Into Art, 1985.

Mara Kalnins (ed), D.H. Lawrence: Centenary Essays, Bristol: Classical Press, 1986.

Michael Black, D.H. Lawrence: The Early Fiction, London: Macmillan, 1986

Peter Scheckner, Class, Politics, and the Individual: A Study of D.H.Lawrence, 1986.

Cornelia Nixon, D.H.Lawrence’s Leadership Novels and the Turn Against Women, 1986.

Colin Milton, Lawrence and Nietzsche, 1988.

Peter Balbert, D.H.Lawrence and the Phallic Imagination, 1989.

Wayne Templeton, States of Estrangement: the Novels of D.H.Lawrence 1912-17, 1989.

Janet Barron, D.H.Lawrence: A Feminist Reading, 1990.

Keith Brown (ed), Rethinking Lawrence, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1990.

James C Cowan, D.H.Lawrence and the Trembling Balance, 1990.

John B Humma, Metaphor and Meaning in D.H.Lawrence’s Later Novels, 1990.

G M Hyde, D.H.Lawrence, London: Macmillan, 1990.

Allan Ingram, The Language of D.H. Lawrence, London: Macmillan, 1990.

Nancy Kushigian, Pictures and Fictions: Visual Modernism and D.H.Lawrence, 1990.

Tony Pinkney, Lawrence Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Weatsheaf, 1990.

Leo J.Dorisach, Sexually Balanced Relationships in the Novels of D.H.Lawrence, 1991.

Nigel Kelsey, D.H.Lawrence: Sexual Crisis, 1991.

Barbara Mensch, D.H.Lawrence and the Authoritarian Personality, 1991.

John Worthen, D H Lawrence, London: Arnold, 1991.

Michael Bell, D.H.Lawrence: Language and Being, 1992.

Michael Black, D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Virginia Hyde, The Risen Adam: D. H. Lawrence’s Revisionist
Typology
, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992.

James B.Sipple, Passionate Form: life process as artistic paradigm in D.H.Lawrence, 1992.

Kingsley Widmer, Defiant Desire: Some Dialectical Legacies of D.H.Lawrence, 1992.

Anne Fernihough, D.H.Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology, 1993.

Linda R Williams, Sex in the Head: Visions of Femininity and Film in D.H.Lawrence, 1993.

Katherine Waltenscheid, The Resurrection of the Body: Touch in D.H.Lawrence, 1993.

Robert E.Montgomery, The Visionary D.H.Lawrence: Beyond Philosophy and Art, 1994.

James C Cowan, Lawrence, Freud, and Masturbation, 1995.

Leo Hamalian, D.H.Lawrence and Nine Women Writers, 1996.

© Roy Johnson 2004 – with thanks to Damian Grant


D.H.Lawrence – web links

D.H.Lawrence web links D.H.Lawrence at Mantex
Biographical notes, book reviews, study guides, videos, bibliographies, critical studies, and web links.

Project Gutenberg D.H.Lawrence at Project Gutenberg
A major collection of free eTexts of the novels, stories, travel writing, and poetry – available in a variety of formats.

Wikipedia D.H.Lawrence at Wikipedia
Biographical notes, social background, publishing history, the Lady Chatterley trial, critical reputation, bibliography, archives, and web links.

Film adaptations D.H.Lawrence at the Internet Movie Database
Adaptations of Lawrence’s work for the cinema and television – in various languages. Full details of directors, actors, production, box office, trivia, and even quizzes.

D.H.Lawrence D.H.Lawrence archive at the University of Nottingham
Biography, further reading, textual genetics, frequently asked questions, his local reputation, research centre, bibliographies, and lists of holdings.

Red button D.H.Lawrence and Eastwood
Nottinhamshire local enthusiast web site featuring biography, historical and recent photographs of the Eastwood area and places associated with Lawrence.

D.H.Lawrence The World of D.H.Lawrence
Yet another University of Nottingham web site featuring biography, interactive timeline, maps, virtual tour, photographs, and web links.

Red buttonD.H.Lawrence Heritage
Local authority style web site, with maps, educational centre, and details of lectures, visits, and forthcoming events.


More on D.H. Lawrence
More on the novella
More on literary studies
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Filed Under: D.H.Lawrence Tagged With: D.H.Lawrence, Literary criticism, Literary studies, Modernism

DH Lawrence greatest works

September 18, 2009 by Roy Johnson

DH Lawrence greatest worksnovels, novellas, stories, poems

D.H.Lawrence is a writer who excites great passions – which is entirely appropriate, since that is how he wrote. He is the first really great writer to come from the working class, and much of his work deals with issues of class, as well as other fundamentals such as the relationships between men, women, and the natural world. At times he becomes mystic and visionary, and his prose style can be poetic, didactic, symbolic, and bombastic all within the space of a few pages. He also deals with issues of sexuality and politics in a manner which is often controversial. Critical opinion tends to be divided between those who believe that he provides illuminating insights into the human psyche, and others who believe that closer study reveals a profound misogyny and some crackpot ideas – particularly in the fields of social and political matters.

 

Sons and LoversSons and Lovers is Lawrence’s first great novel. It’s a quasi-autobiographical account of a young man’s coming of age in the early years of the twentieth century. Set in working class Nottinghamshire, it focuses on class conflicts and gender issues as young Paul Morrell is torn between a passionate relationship with his mother and his attraction to other women. He is also engaged throughout the novel in an Oedipal struggle with his father. If you are new to Lawrence and his work, Sons and Lovers is a good place to start.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

 

The RainbowThe Rainbow is Lawrence’s version of a social saga, spanning three generations of the Brangwen family. It is the women characters in this novel who remain memorable as they strive to express their feelings. The story concludes with the struggle of two sisters, Ursula and Gudrun, to liberate themselves from the stifling pressures of Edwardian English society. They also feature in his next and some say greatest novel, Women in Love – so it’s a good idea to read this first.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

 

Women in LoveWomen in Love begins where The Rainbow leaves off and features the Brangwen sisters as they try to forge new types of liberated personal relationships. The men they choose are trying to do the same thing – so the results are problematic and often disturbing. Many regard this as his finest novel, where his ideas are matched with passages of superb writing. The locations combine urban Bohemia with a symbolic climax which takes place in the icy snow caps of the Alps.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

 

Lady Chatterley's LoverLady Chatterley’s Lover is Lawrence’s most controversial novel, and perhaps the first serious work of literature to explore human sexuality in explicit detail. It features some of his most lyrical and poetic prose style alongside the theme of class conflict – acted out between the aristocratic Constance Chatterley, and her gamekeeper-lover Mellors. Some feminist critics now claim the novel to be deeply misogynistic, because part of its argument is that women will reach true fulfillment only by submitting themselves to men. Lawrence wrote the novel three times, and it made important historical impacts twice over: one when it was first published in 1928, and the second in the famous obscenity trial in 1960.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

 

D.H.Lawrence - The Collected Short StoriesThe Complete Short Stories Lawrence contributed to the development of the modern short story by following the post Chekhov approach, which excludes high drama and easy snap endings. Instead, he focuses on moments of personal revelation in the same way as James Joyce did with his ‘epiphanies’. He also features symbolism and a flexible prose style which changes according to its subject. His central theme is personal and sexual relationships and dramas acted out in those parts of the English class system which had been previously left unexamined.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

The Penguin versions of Lawrence reproduce the scholarly editions originally published by Cambridge University Press. They are based on the most accurate versions of the texts, and they include a critical essay of introduction; bibliography of criticism; explanatory notes; alternative and missing chapters; plus glossaries of dialect terms where required. Very good value.

D.H.Lawrence - The Short NovelsThe Short Novels Lawrence was especially fond of the short novel or novella as a literary form. These feature his usual subjects and characters but, as with most successful novellas, they operate at a deeply symbolic level. For example, they feature cosmic elements – as in The Woman Who Rode Away (the sun) The Fox (animal nature) and The Virgin and the Gypsy (flood). Many of these have been successfully translated to the cinema.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

 

D.H.Lawrence - The Collected PoemsThe Complete Poems Many people believe that Lawrence was just as successful a poet as he was a writer of prose. He writes in a very free verse form, unbounded by traditional structures. The results are fresh, arresting, and full of verbal dexterity. He was especially fond of writing about animals, flowers, and other aspects of nature – usually in a deeply symbolic manner. This collection includes all the poems from the incomplete Collected Poems of 1929 and from the separate smaller volumes issued during Lawrence’s lifetime; uncollected poems; an appendix of juvenilia and another containing variants and early drafts; and all Lawrence’s critical introductions to his poems. It also includes full textual and explanatory notes.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US

 

The Complete Critical Guide to D.H.LawrenceThe Complete Critical Guide to D. H. Lawrence is a good introduction to Lawrence criticism. Includes a potted biography of Lawrence, an outline of the stories, novels, plays, and poetry, and pointers towards the main critical writings – from contemporaries such as T.S. Eliot and E.M. Forster to critics of the present day. Also includes a thorough bibliography which covers biography, criticism in books and articles, plus pointers towards specialist Lawrence journals.

D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon UK
D.H.Lawrence greatest works Buy the book at Amazon US


D.H.Lawrence – web links

D.H.Lawrence web links D.H.Lawrence at Mantex
Biographical notes, book reviews, study guides, videos, bibliographies, critical studies, and web links.

Project Gutenberg D.H.Lawrence at Project Gutenberg
A major collection of free eTexts of the novels, stories, travel writing, and poetry – available in a variety of formats.

Wikipedia D.H.Lawrence at Wikipedia
Biographical notes, social background, publishing history, the Lady Chatterley trial, critical reputation, bibliography, archives, and web links.

Film adaptations D.H.Lawrence at the Internet Movie Database
Adaptations of Lawrence’s work for the cinema and television – in various languages. Full details of directors, actors, production, box office, trivia, and even quizzes.

D.H.Lawrence D.H.Lawrence archive at the University of Nottingham
Biography, further reading, textual genetics, frequently asked questions, his local reputation, research centre, bibliographies, and lists of holdings.

Red button D.H.Lawrence and Eastwood
Nottinhamshire local enthusiast web site featuring biography, historical and recent photographs of the Eastwood area and places associated with Lawrence.

D.H.Lawrence The World of D.H.Lawrence
Yet another University of Nottingham web site featuring biography, interactive timeline, maps, virtual tour, photographs, and web links.

Red buttonD.H.Lawrence Heritage
Local authority style web site, with maps, educational centre, and details of lectures, visits, and forthcoming events.

© Roy Johnson 2004


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Dorothy Brett biography

December 12, 2010 by Roy Johnson

painter, socialite, Bloomsbury group member

Dorothy Brett biographyDorothy Eugenie Brett was born November 10, 1883. She was the eldest daughter of the second Viscount Esher, Reginald Baliol Brett, who was the Liberal MP for Penryn and Falmouth. Her mother was Eleanor van de Weyer, the daughter of the Belgian ambassador to the court of St. James and a close advisor to Queen Victoria. She was called ‘Doll’ by her family, and like many upper class children of the Victorian era she was raised separately from her parents, receiving little formal education. She went to dancing classes with members of the royal family at Windsor Castle under the supervision of Queen Victoria, but had little contact with other children her own age, apart from her two elder bothers and younger sister sylvia who scandalised the family by becoming the Ranee of Sarawak.

This state of being secluded persisted until she was in her early twenties, and was exacerbated by a progressive deafness following an attack of appendicitis. Her attempts to make relationships were met with disapproval by her parents. She was packed off to their summer house in Scotland. But whilst she was there some of her drawings were seen by Sir Ian Hamilton, a friend of the family who persuaded her parents to send her to art school.

She was accepted into the Slade School on a provisional basis in the autumn of 1910, which turned out to be good timing and a propitious move. She was taught by Henry Tonks, and came into contact with a talented coterie of fellow students who like her were throwing off the shackles of the Victorian age and forging a new form of Bohemianism. She met and befriended Dora Carrington, Mark Gertler, David Bomberg, Stanley Spencer, and Isaac Rosenberg. It was a tradition at the school to refer to everyone by their surname, so she became ‘Brett’ to everyone but her family, in the same way that Dora Carrington was addressed simply as ‘Carrington’.

Dora Carrington, Barabara Hiles, and Dorothy Brett

Carrington, Hiles, Brett

The two young women also became pace-setters so far as their personal appearance was concerned. They wore unflattering workmen’s clothes, had their hair cut short in pudding basin styles, and became known as ‘cropheads’. Her father set her up in her own studio – partly to help her develop her artistic career, and partly to move her out of the family home in Mayfair, where servants had begun to complain about the company she kept.

She did well at the Slade, completed its four year programme, and in 1914 won first prize for figure painting. Through her friendship with Mark Gertler, she met Augustus John and then Ottoline Morrell. Through this connection she was invited to the famous weekend parties at Garsington Manor in Oxfordshire where she mixed with Leonard and Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, and Duncan Grant. She also formed two relationship which were to have an important influence on the later part of her life.

The first of these was with the equally Bohemian writer Katherine Mansfield, through whom she met John Middleton Murry. All of them moved in to share a flat in Gower Street she was renting from John Maynard Keynes. She was a witness at Mansfield’s marriage to Murray in 1918. This did not prevent Murry from maintaining a flirtatious relationship with her, which later turned into an affair to which she gave way as a ‘forty year old virgin’. It resulted for her in pregnancy and a miscarriage.

The other important influence on her life was D.H.Lawrence who she met with his wife Frieda at the Garsington weekends along with the central figures of the Bloomsbury Group. She developed something of a crush on Ottoline which led to a voluminous correspondence but very little else. In 1919 Brett’s parents set her up in a house in Hampstead and gave her an annual allowance in an effort to push her into independence. But it was Lawrence’s restless search for a new way of living which finally drew her into his powerful orbit for good.

Dorothy Brett biography

Dorothy Brett – “Umbrellas”

Lawrence had visited North America and came back to London preaching the virtues of a new artists’ community he was proposing to set up in New Mexico (which he had chosen for its climate because of his tuberculosis). Many of the Bloomsberries expressed an interest in the idea, but in the end only Brett sailed with the Lawrences in the spring of 1924.

They settled in Taos, New Mexico as part of the artistic colony established by the wealthy American patroness Mabel Dodge Luhan. She surrounded herself with writers and artists such as Willa Cather, Georgia O’Keeffe. Brett formed a strong bond with Frieda Lawrence and Mabel Dodge Luhan (both strong women) to the extent that they were known as ‘The Three Fates’ in Taos social circles.

Brett painted the people and buildings of native America in a style which was simple, with an almost religious sense, producing what are perhaps her best known series of paintings, called ‘The Ceremonials’. There were rivalries and quarrels amongst the artists. Lawrence eventually left and returned to live in Europe. But Brett stayed on, becoming a United States citizen in 1938. She continued to paint and remained in Taos until she died within a few months of her 94th birthday in 1977. Her work is in the permanent collections of the Museum of New Mexico and the Buffalo Museum of Science, in the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington DC, in the Millicent Rogers Museum and the Harwood Museum of Art, both in Taos, and in the New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe.



Bloomsbury Group – web links

Bloomsbury Group - web links Hogarth Press first editions
Annotated gallery of original first edition book jacket covers from the Hogarth Press, featuring designs by Vanessa Bell, Roger Fry, and others.

Bloomsbury Group - web links The Omega Workshops
A brief history of Roger Fry’s experimental Omega Workshops, which had a lasting influence on interior design in post First World War Britain.

Bloomsbury Group - web links The Bloomsbury Group and War
An essay on the largely pacifist and internationalist stance taken by Bloomsbury Group members towards the First World War.

Bloomsbury Group web links Tate Gallery Archive Journeys: Bloomsbury
Mini web site featuring photos, paintings, a timeline, sub-sections on the Omega Workshops, Roger Fry, and Duncan Grant, and biographical notes.

Bloomsbury Group - web links Bloomsbury: Books, Art and Design
Exhibition of paintings, designs, and ceramics at Toronto University featuring Hogarth Press, Vanessa Bell, Dora Carrington, Quentin Bell, and Stephen Tomlin.

Bloomsbury Group - web links Blogging Woolf
A rich enthusiast site featuring news of events, exhibitions, new book reviews, relevant links, study resources, and anything related to Bloomsbury and Virginia Woolf

Bloomsbury Group - web links Hyper-Concordance to Virginia Woolf
Search the texts of all Woolf’s major works, and track down phrases, quotes, and even individual words in their original context.

Bloomsbury Group - web links A Mrs Dalloway Walk in London
An annotated description of Clarissa Dalloway’s walk from Westminster to Regent’s Park, with historical updates and a bibliography.

Bloomsbury Group - web links Women’s History Walk in Bloomsbury
Annotated tour of literary and political homes in Bloomsbury, including Gordon Square, University College, Bedford Square, Doughty Street, and Tavistock Square.

Bloomsbury Group - web links Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain
News of events, regular bulletins, study materials, publications, and related links. Largely the work of Virginia Woolf specialist Stuart N. Clarke.

Bloomsbury Group - web links BBC Audio Essay – A Eulogy to Words
A charming sound recording of a BBC radio talk broadcast in 1937 – accompanied by a slideshow of photographs of Virginia Woolf.

Bloomsbury Group - web links A Family Photograph Albumn
Leslie Stephens’ collection of family photographs which became known as the Mausoleum Book, collected at Smith College – Massachusetts.

Bloomsbury Group - web links Bloomsbury at Duke University
A collection of book jacket covers, Fry’s Twelve Woodcuts, Strachey’s ‘Elizabeth and Essex’.

© Roy Johnson 2014


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Dubliners – a study guide

June 16, 2010 by Roy Johnson

tutorial, summaries, study resources, further reading

Dubliners (1914) is James Joyce’s first major work – a ground-breaking collection of short stories dealing with the moribund lives of a cast of mostly lower-middle-class characters through pointedly undramatic events chosen to illustrate the crippling effects of family, religion, and nationality. He spent seven years working on them, even though he suspected publishing them might be difficult at the time – and he was right. He submitted the stories to seventeen publishers over the space of many years before they were finally accepted.

Dubliners First EditionThis collection of vignettes features both real and imaginary figures in Dublin life around the turn of the century, ending with the most famous of all Joyce’s stories – ‘The Dead’. The book caused controversy when it first appeared, and was banned in Ireland almost immediately upon publication, the first of many of Joyce’s works to be censored or banned in his native country. Dubliners is now widely regarded as a seminal collection of modern short stories.

Contemporary readers may wonder what all the fuss was about; but one hundred years ago at the start of the twentieth century any references to body functions, sexuality, and anti-religious sentiment was more or less unthinkable in Ireland – which is the principal reason why Joyce left his homeland in 1906, never to return.

Dubliners is a carefully arranged set of miniatures in which he strips away all the decorations and flourishes of late Victorian prose. What remains is a sparse yet lyrical exposure of small moments of revelation – which he called ‘epiphanies’. Like other modernists, such as Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, Joyce minimised the dramatic element of the short story in favour of symbolic meaning and a more static aesthetic. Instead of the surprise endings and dramatic twists of the typical nineteenth-century short story, Joyce offers subtle, understated character studies, revelations of mood and atmosphere, and small moments in life which reveal something about larger issues.

James Joyce – portrait


Dubliners – structure

Joyce gave his publisher Grant Richards the following account of his ideas for the structure of his collection:

“My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country, and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity, and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness and with the conviction that he is a very bold man who dares to alter in the presentment, still more to deform, whatever he has seen and heard.”

Section I, Childhood contains – The Sisters, An Encounter, and Araby (the most anthologised of the stories).

Section II, Adolescence is made up of – Eveline, After the Race, Two Gallants, and The Boarding House.

Section III, Maturity is also made up of four stories – A Little Cloud, Counterparts, Clay, and A Painful Case.

Section IV, Public Life is made up of – Ivy Day in the Committee Room, A Mother, Grace, and the structurally different The Dead.


Sackville Street Dublin


Study resources

Dubliners Dubliners – Penguin Modern Classics – Amazon UK

Dubliners Dubliners – Penguin Modern Classics – Amazon US

Dubliners Dubliners – Oxford World’s Classics – Amazon UK

Dubliners Dubliners – Oxford World’s Classics – Amazon US

Dubliners Dubliners – Norton Critical Editions – Amazon US

Dubliners Dubliners – eBook version at Project Gutenberg

Dubliners The Dead – 1987 film version by John Huston on DVD – Amazon UK

Dubliners Dubliners – Naxos audio CD version – Amazon UK

Dubliners Dubliners – audioBook version at LibriVox

Dubliners Dubliners – York Notes (Advanced) – Amazon UK

Dubliners Dubliners – Cliffs Notes study guide – Amazon UK

Pointer James Joyce: A Critical Guide – Amazon UK

Red button The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce – Amazon UK

Red button James Joyce: Texts and Contexts – Amazon UK


Dubliners – chapter summaries

The Sisters – After the priest Father Flynn dies, a young boy who was close to him and his family deal with it only superficially. The events force him to examine their relationship and cause him to see himself as an individual for the first time.

An Encounter – Two schoolboys playing truant from school encounter an elderly man, who turns out to be a pervert.

Araby – A boy falls in love with the sister of his friend, but fails in his quest to buy her a worthy gift from the Araby bazaar. He becomes aware of the pain and unfulfilled dreams of the adult world.

Eveline – A young woman abandons her plans to leave Ireland with a sailor, and faces instead the prospect of remaining with her abusive father in order to help raise her younger siblings.

After the Race – College student Jimmy Doyle tries to fit in with his wealthy friends, and fails.

Two Gallants – Two con men, Lenehan and Corley, find a maid who is willing to steal from her employer.

The Boarding House – Mrs. Mooney successfully manoeuvres her daughter Polly into an upwardly mobile marriage with her lodger Mr. Doran.

A Little Cloud – Little Chandler’s dinner with his old friend Ignatius Gallaher casts fresh light on his own failed literary dreams. The story reflects also on Chandler’s mood upon realizing his baby son has replaced him as the centre of his wife’s affections.

Counterparts – Farrington, a lumbering alcoholic Irish scrivener, takes out his frustration in pubs and on his son Tom.

Clay – The old maid Maria, a laundress, celebrates Halloween with her former foster child Joe Donnelly and his family.

A Painful Case – Mr. Duffy rebuffs Mrs. Sinico, then four years later realizes he has condemned her to loneliness and death.

Ivy Day in the Committee Room – Minor Irish politicians fail to live up to the memory of Charles Stewart Parnell.

A Mother – Mrs. Kearney tries to win a place of pride for her daughter, Kathleen, in the Irish cultural movement, by starring her in a series of concerts, but ultimately fails.

Grace – After Mr. Kernan injures himself falling down the stairs in a bar, his friends try to reform him through Catholicism.

The Dead – Gabriel Conroy attends a party his wife, has an epiphany about the nature of life and death.


Dubliners – video short


Epiphanies

When Joyce wrote Dubliners it was at a time when he was seeking to strip bare what he saw as the smugness and hypocrisy which Britain had inherited from its Victorian epoch. To do this he felt that a new sense of realism and honesty was necessary, and in literary terms this meant dealing with subjects which were not always particularly pleasant or uplifting, but might on the contrary be concerned with the sadder and negative aspects of life. Even these, he felt, should be depicted with scrupulous honesty and objectivity.

He postulated the notion (as did Virginia Woolf only a few years later) that revelations about the truths of life are available to us in special moments – fleeting episodes, snatches of conversation, or a sudden dawning of awareness which as he said, was like ‘the revelation of the whatness of a thing’. To describe these experiences he borrowed the term ‘epiphanies’ from his religious background. It means ‘a manifestation’ or ‘showing forth’ – but he gave it a secular meaning. The sometimes negative and transient nature of these moments are underscored by Richard Ellman, Joyce’s biographer:

The unpalatable epiphanies often include things to be got rid of, examples of fatuity or imperceptiveness, caught deftly in a conversational exchange of two or three sentences.

But Joyce also believed that the author of a work should not be present in his story – nudging the reader’s elbow, telling him what to think and feel – but should scrupulously remove himself from the work and let it speak for itself. [This was a notion he had inherited from Flaubert.] Consequently these epiphanies when they occur are often understated: Joyce does not specially draw our attention to what is going on but leaves us to work out or sense the implications for ourselves.

To make matters even more subtle, the revelations, when they occur, are not always fully evident to the fictional character undergoing the experience – but they are nonetheless available to the attentive reader.


Balscadden Bay, Howth

Howth, Dublin


The short story

Joyce was well aware of developments in the modern short story. He was an admirer of Flaubert, whose precision of style was influential in the late nineteenth century. He also knew the work of Maupassant and Checkhov, who had done a great deal to bring realistic, everyday subjects to prose fiction – often featuring raw, painful, and frank exposures of negative aspects of daily life. Joyce followed these tendencies by removing suspense or any overt drama from his stories. Instead, he focused his attention on what he called ‘epiphanies’.

The stories in Dubliners are arranged in rising order of length and complexity, and also in the age of the central character. They are best read in that sequence by first time readers. The early stories are brief character sketches, studies in mood, and revelations of desperation and failure. The sequence ends with the longest and very celebrated story, The Dead, which combines Irish culture and politics with a poignant study in personal weakness and disappointment.

Joyce writes in a spare, undecorated, almost Spartan style. As he said of this approach himself: ‘I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness.’ There are very few figures of speech, no exaggeration, and no rhetorical flourishes – until the very last story in the collection. Most of the time Joyce shows events from the point of view of the principal character in each story – and in fact his style and choice of vocabulary closely reflects their consciousness.

more on the short story


Trinity College Dublin

Trinity College Dublin (TCD)


Further reading

Pointer Anthony Burgess, Joysprick: An Introduction to the Language of James Joyce, Andre Deutsch, 1973.

Pointer Robert H. Deming (ed), James Joyce: The Critical Heritage, 2 Vols, Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1970.

Pointer Richard Ellmann, James Joyce, Oxford University Press, 1959.

Pointer Richard Ellmann and Stuart Gilbert (eds), The Letters of James Joyce, 3 Vols, Faber, 1957-66.

Pointer Seon Givens, James Joyce: Two Decades of Criticism, New York: Vanguard Press, 1963.

Pointer Suzette A. Henke, James Joyce and the Politics of Desire, Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1990.

Pointer Harry Levin, James Joyce: a Critical Introduction, New York: New Directions, 1960.

Pointer Colin MacCabe (ed), James Joyce: New Perspectives, Harvester, 1982.

Pointer W.J. McCormack and Alistair Stead (eds), James Joyce and Modern Literature, Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1982.

Pointer Dominic Maganiello, Joyce’s Politics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

Pointer Patrick Parrinder, James Joyce, Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Pointer C.H. Peake, James Joyce: The Citizen and the Artist, Arnold, 1977.

Pointer Jean-Michel Rabaté, Joyce Upon the Void, Macmillan, 1991.

Pointer Lee Spinks, James Joyce: A Critical Guide, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009

Pointer W.Y. Tindall, A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce, Thames and Hudson, 1959.


Dublin 1915

Dublin 1915


Major works by James Joyce

James Joyce greatest works A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is Joyce’s first complete novel – a largely autobiographical account of a young man’s struggle with Catholicism and his desire to forge himself as an artist. It features a prose style whose complexity develops in parallel with the growth of the hero, Stephen Dedalus. The early pages are written from a child’s point of view, but then they quickly become more sophisticated. As Stephen struggles with religious belief and the growth of his sexual feelings as a young adult, the prose become more complex and philosophical. In addition to the account of his personal life and a critique of Irish society at the beginning of the last century, it also incorporates the creation of an aesthetic philosophy which was unmistakably that of Joyce himself. The novel ends with Stephen quitting Ireland for good, just as Joyce himself was to do – never to return.
James Joyce greatest works A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Buy the book at Amazon UK
James Joyce greatest works A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Buy the book at Amazon US

James Joyce greatest works UlyssesUlysses (1922) is one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century, and it is certainly Joyce’s most celebrated work. He takes Homer’s Odyssey as a structural framework and uses it as the base to create a complex story of characters moving around Dublin on a single day in June 1904. Each separate chapter is written in a different prose style to reflect its theme or subject. The novel also includes two forms of the ‘stream of consciousness’ technique. This was Joyce’s attempt to reproduce the apparently random way in which our perceptions of the world are mixed with our conscious ideas and memories in an unstoppable flow of thought. There is a famous last chapter which is an eighty page unpunctuated soliloquy of a woman as she lies in bed at night, mulling over the events of her life and episodes from the previous day.
James Joyce greatest works Ulysses Buy the book at Amazon UK
James Joyce greatest works Ulysses Buy the book at Amazon US


The Cambridge Companion to James JoyceThe Cambridge Companion to James Joyce contains eleven essays by an international team of leading Joyce scholars. The topics covered include his debt to Irish and European writers and traditions, his life in Paris, and the relation of his work to the ‘modern’ spirit of sceptical relativism. One essay describes Joyce’s developing achievement in his earlier works (Stephen Hero, Dubliners, and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man). Another tackles his best-known text, asking the basic question ‘What is Ulysses about, and how can it be read?’ The issue of ‘difficulty’ raised by Finnegans Wake is directly addressed, and the reader is taken through questions of theme, language, structure and meaning, as well as the book’s composition and the history of Wake criticism.
The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce Buy the book at Amazon UK
The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce Buy the book at Amazon US


James Joyce – web links

James Joyce web links James Joyce at Mantex
Biographical notes, study guides to the major works, book reviews, studies of the short stories, bibliographies, web links, study resources.

James Joyce web links James Joyce at Project Gutenberg
A limited collection of free eTexts in a variety of digital formats.

James Joyce web links James Joyce at Wikipedia
Full biography, social background, interpretation of the major works, religion, music, list of biographies, and external web links.

James Joyce on film James Joyce at the Internet Movie Database
Adaptations for the cinema and television – in various languages. Full details of directors and actors, plus box office, technical credits, and quizzes.

James Joyce exhibition James Joyce Centre in Dublin
Exhibition centre, walking tours, lectures, and newsletter. The latest addition is a graphic novel version of ‘Ulysses’.

James Joyce web links The James Joyce Scholars’ Collection
University of Wisconsin – digitised scans of Finnegans Wake and out-of-print studies on Joyce’s language, plus rare critical studies.

James Joyce web links An Annotated Ulysses
An online version of Ulysses with hyperlinks giving explanations of obscure and classical references in the text.

James Joyce web links Cornell’s James Joyce Collection
Cornell University – a collection of letters, manuscripts, and books documenting the life and work of James Joyce on exhibition in 2005. Particularly strong on Joyce’s early life.

James Joyce web links A Bibliography of Scholarship and Criticism
Slightly dated but still useful web-based compilation of criticism and commentary – covers Joyce himself, plus the stories and novels.

© Roy Johnson 2010


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Filed Under: James Joyce Tagged With: Dubliners, James Joyce, Literary studies, Modernism, study guide, The Short Story

E McKnight Kauffer Design

June 24, 2010 by Roy Johnson

Anglo-American modernism and graphic design

Edward Kauffer (the McKnight was added later) was an American artist from a relatively poor background in Montana USA who compensated for a lonely childhood by his interest in drawing and art. He was fortunate enough to see the famous 1913 Armory Show of contemporary European art in Chicago and shortly afterwards he left for a brief version of the Grand Tour in Munich and Paris. This was curtailed by the outbreak of war – so he ended up in England. Via a series of very fortunate connections he secured a position working for London Underground, and produced a series of posters advertising the pleasures of suburbia and the countryside at the end of the line. E. McKnight Kauffer Design is an elegantly illustrated introduction to the full range of his work.

E. McKnight KaufferThese images made him famous, and the style he developed is now reproduced as exemplars of both good design and instant nostalgia. He was influenced by his studies of Toulouse-Lautrec, Alphonse Mucha, and the Sachplakat style he had seen first hand in Germany. Strongly shaped design, flat colours, and bold outlines were the hallmarks of these works.

He was also influenced by geometry (“We live in a scientific age, an age of T-squares and compasses”) plus Cubism and Orphism (as propounded by Robert Delauney). Following the establishment of his reputation in England, he also produced bibliographic designs for the Nonesuch Press and the Hogarth Press.

E. McKnight Kauffer - British Rail posterWith the outbreak of the second world war however, these commissions dried up, so he returned to America. But because his reputation by that time was an English designer, he found it difficult to become established again in his homeland. As Peyton Skipwith explains in his introductory essay to this collection of Kauffer’s work, “Like many another expatriate, his reputation seems to have got stuck somewhere in mid-Atlantic”

But he designed book jackets for Alfred Knopf, Harcourt Brace, and Random House and his career did finish on something of a high note with a series of posters for American Airlines which definitely do have a more national style.

E. McKnight Kauffer - Hogarth Press book jacketSome of the English book illustrations become slightly bucolic and whimsical, but wherever he asserts his appreciation of modernism (and the influence of The New Typography and Russian constructivism) the results are very powerful. Kauffer lived at a time when the term used to describe such work was the rather slighting ‘commercial art’ – but we would now call it ‘graphic design’.

The series of design monographs of which this volume is part feature very high design and production values. They are slim but beautifully stylish productions, each with an introductory essay, and all the illustrative material is fully referenced.

E. McKnight Kauffer Design   Buy the book at Amazon UK

E. McKnight Kauffer Design   Buy the book at Amazon US

© Roy Johnson 2010


Brian Webb and Peyton Skipwith, E. McKnight Kauffer: Design, Suffolk: Antique Collectors Club, 2007, pp.96, ISBN: 1851495207


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Filed Under: Graphic design, Individual designers Tagged With: Design, E. McKnight Kauffer, Graphic design, Hogarth Press, Modernism

Edith Sitwell

January 1, 2018 by Roy Johnson

modernist poet and English eccentric

Edith Sitwell (1887-1964) was an English poet, and an upper-class eccentric renowned for her exotic clothing and over-sized jewellery. She was prolific as a writer, and in the 1920s and 1930s was classed as an avant-garde modernist. Her work was praised by critics and fellow poets, but she is now known almost exclusively for her poems Parade which were set for music-theatre performance by the composer William Walton.

Edith Sitwell

She was born into an aristocratic family at Renishaw Hall in Derbyshire, the eldest of three children who remained close throughout their adult lives. She disliked both her parents, never married, and spent much of her life living with her childhood governess.

Her remote and snobbish parents would only issue instructions to a butler and private servant. Other staff in the household were not permitted to speak to the masters. She developed a youthful love for Chopin, Brahms, and Swinburne- and when asked what she wanted to be when she grew up answered “A genius”.

Her father disapproved of education for women, so Edith was largely self-taught. However, her governess Helen Rootham was a powerful influence and provided an introduction to the world of modern art – Rimbaud in particular.

When Edith was twenty her famously beautiful mother was put on trial for fraud, and having been convicted, served a short jail sentence. The family never spoke about this incident – even to each other.

In 1913 at the age of twenty-five Edith was given her freedom and moved to live at Pembridge Mansions in Bayswater, London. By upper-class standards, this was quite a Bohemian location. It was at this point that she began writing poetry. The rooms at Pembroke Mansions became a cultural salon that attracted figures such as Aldous Huxley, Virginia Woolf, and Cecil Beaton.

Like many other artists and intellectuals of the modernist period she was opposed to the First World War. In 1916 she established a magazine Wheels that published the work of young unknown poets, including in its 1919 edition six pieces by Wilfred Owen, who had been killed in action the year before.

She fell in love with a handsome young Chilean painter called Alvaro Guevara. He however was infatuated with the heiress and left-wing activist Nancy Cunard. Edith consoled herself with the fame which followed her early success. It is assumed by her biographers that she remained a virgin for the rest of her life.

In 1923 her poems Facade were set to music by the young William Walton who Sitwell and her brothers had decided to champion. The result was a surrealist entertainment in which the poems were declaimed through a megaphone from behind a decorated curtain, accompanied by jagged and heavily syncopated music. It caused public outrage at the time, yet ironically it is the work by which she is now best known.

Her controversial social success, eccentric costume, and poetic experiments also generated a great deal of rivalry and animosity. Noel Coward lampooned Edith and her brothers as The Swiss Family Whittlebot, and F.R. Leavis observed that the Sitwells ‘belonged to the history of publicity’ – which in retrospect seems largely true.

She went to live in Paris with Helen Rootham, where she was introduced by Gertrude Stein to the second great love of her life – the Russian painter Pavel Tchelitchew. She devoted herself to him, became his muse and patroness, and travelled extensively with him, all the time seemingly unaware that he was a homosexual.

In 1930 Helen Rootham was diagnosed with cancer, which suddenly transposed Edith into the role of carer. She was living on a modest allowance from her father, and supplemented this by turning to journalism. She wrote articles for the newspapers in which she articulated her controversial views on issues of the day.

But on Helen Rootham’s death she also suffered another blow – Pavel Tchelitchew decided to emigrate to America. This was an emotional low point for Edith, and she was persuaded to return to the family’s ancestral home by her brother Osbert. (Her father had gone to live in a castle in Tuscany he spent thirty years restoring.)

1959 Interview with John Freeman

This move brought on a fresh lease of poetic life and further critical acclamation from the likes of Kenneth Clark and Cyril Connolly, who predicted that her work would outlive that of T. S. Eliot and W.H. Auden (in which he has so far been proven wrong). There was also an invitation to make a celebrity lecture tour in the United States. Further public accolades were heaped upon her, and even though she was regarded as something of a professional eccentric, she was made a Dame of the British Empire in 1954.

But fame did not bring her happiness. She became financially dependent on her brother, and she felt herself the poor relation. She imagined herself to be a ‘working woman’ but in fact ran up enormous debts in the family name.

Osbert was able to offer her summer residence in the Derbyshire stately home and winters in the Tuscan castle he inherited from his father – so she was not exactly slumming it. There was also the ‘season’ in London, when she lived at the Sesame Club in Mayfair, driven around in a chauffeur-driven Daimler of gigantic proportions. In her later years she became infirm and was confined to a wheelchair. She died in 1964, suffering from alcoholism and paranoia.

© Roy Johnson 2018

Facade – Buy the book at Amazon UK
Facade – Buy the book at Amazon US


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Filed Under: Biography Tagged With: Cultural history, Edith Sitwell, English literature, Literary studies, Modernism

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